قانون المسؤولية التقصيرية العراقي
التعويضات
حقوق الإنسان
الضحايا
الالتزامات الإيجابية

Journal Articles
Abbas A and Farhat G, Material Liability and Its Comprehensive Applications in Private Law (2025) 7 Humanities & Natural Sciences Journal 217.
Aeid R and Lafta R, ‘Compensation in Administrative Liability: An Analytical Study in the Light of the Iraqi Compensation Law No. 20 of 2009, As Amended’ (2025) 19 Regional Studies Journal 291.
Al-Anaibi F, ‘The Rights of Victims to Justice in the Iraqi Criminal Justice System’ (2025) 39 Arab Law Quarterly 1 https://doi.org/10.1163/15730255-bja10128.
Ali H and Rasull I, The legal regulation of the crime of enforced disappearance in Iraqi law: A comparative analytical study (2024) 11 Journal of Raparin University 1.
Al-Mashahdi I, ‘Evolution of Judicial Trends in Iraq on Moral Compensation’, (2001) Journal of Legal Studies, 89.
Ayoub1 R, al-Huseini M, Judicial Mechanisms for the Implementation of Transitional Justice at National and International Levels (2025) 5 Journal of Posthumanism 4533.
Bennoune K, ‘Toward a Human Rights Approach to Armed Conflict: Iraq 2003’ (2004) 11 University of California, Davis Journal of International Law and Policy 171.
Bitar M and Benarji C, Enforced Disappearances in Iraq: Attribution of Accountability to Government Under International and Domestic Legal Framework (2024) 10 LUMS LJ 65.
Boduszyński MP, ‘Iraq’s Year of Rage’ (2016) 27 Journal of Democracy 110.
David V, ‘Reparations at the Human Rights Committee: Legal Basis, Practice and Challenges’ (2014) 32 Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 8.
Dodge T, ‘Can Iraq be Saved’ (2014) 56 The International Institute for Strategic Studies 7.
Hajem A, ‘Compensation of the Moral Damage as a Result of Military Mistakes: a Study of the Amended Law 20/2009’ (2014) 1 Ahl Al-Bait Journal 452.
Hajem A, ‘How far the Government Commitment to Compensating the Victims of Terrorism in accordance with Law No.20 of 2009’ (2013) 1 Ahl Al-Bait Journal 111.
Hajij H and Nasser M, ‘Compensation for Crime of Enforced Disappearance: Comparative Study’ (2015) 36 The Islamic College University Journal 37,
Hanan Mohammad Al-Qaisi, ‘The Basis of the State’s Responsibility for the Damage Caused by Military and Terrorist Operations in Iraq: Study in Law No. 20 for the Year 2009’ (2012) Journal of Judicial and Political Science 142.
Kuoti Y, ‘Exclusion and Violence in Post-2003 Iraq’ (2016) 69 Journal of International Affairs 19.
Mahmoud B, ‘The Legal System for Compensation for Victims of War and Acts of Terrorism (Iraq as a Model)’ (2022) 2 Middle East Journal of Legal and Jurisprudence Studies 16. https://meijournals.com/ara/index.php/mejljs/article/download/299/303 accessed 17 December 2025.
Rakab I, ‘Obligation of the State for Compensation for the Crimes of Terrorism in the Iraqi Legislation’ (2010) 1 Journal of Human Sciences 363.
Revkin M, Alrababah A and Myrick R, ‘Evidence-Based Transitional Justice: Incorporating Public Opinion into the Field, with New Data from Iraq and Ukraine’ (2024) 133 Yale Law Journal 1582.
Sarkin J and Sensibaugh H, ‘How Historical Events and Relationships Shape Current Attempts at Reconciliation in Iraq’ (2009) 26 Wisconsin International Law Journal 1033.
Stigall DE, ‘Iraqi Civil Law: Its Sources, Substance and Sundering’ (2007) 16 Journal of Transnational Law & Policy 1.
Warnock D, ‘The Iraqi Criminal Justice System: An Introduction’ (2010) 39 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 1.
Books
Ala Hamoudi H, ‘International Law and Iraqi Courts’ in Edda Kristjánsdóttir and others (eds), International Law in Domestic Courts: Rule of Law Reform in Post-Conflict States (Intersentia 2012).
Al-Mashahdi I, Al-Mukhtar, Selected Cases under the Jurisdiction of the Court of Cassation (4th edition, Al-zaman Press, Baghdad 2000).
Al-Rahim R, Transitional Justice in Iraq: The Challenges of National Healing and Recovery (Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) 2023, 2.
Cassel D, ‘The Expanding Scope and Impact of Reparations Awarded by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ in Koen Feyter (ed), Out of the Ashes: Reparation for Victims of Gross and Systematic Human Rights Violations (Intersentia 2005).
Letschert R and Ammerlaan K, ‘Compensation and Reparation for Victims of Terrorism’ in Rianne Letschert, Ines Staiger and Antony Pemberton (eds), Assisting Victims of Terrorism: Towards a European Standard of Justice (Springer Science & Business Media 2010).
Sandoval C and Puttick M, Reparations for the Victims of Conflict in Iraq: Lessons Learned from Comparative Practice (Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights and Minority Rights Group International, November 2017).
Shelton D, Remedies in International Human Rights Law (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2005).
Urban Walker M, ‘The Expressive Burden of Reparations: Putting Meaning into Money, Words, and Things’ in Alice MacLachlan and Allen Speight (eds), Justice, Responsibility and Reconciliation in the Wake of Conflict (Springer 2013).
Thesis and Dissertations
Al-Anaibi F, The Death of Damage and its Compensation: Comparative Study, (MSc thesis, University of Babylon 2007).
Al-Anaibi F, The Rights of Victims of Violence by Non-State Actors in Iraq post-2003 (PhD thesis, Durham University 2018).
Jameel Almusawi B, The Truth of the Legend of Successful Criminal Procedure Reform in Post-Saddam Iraq: A Critical Analysis of Pre-Trial Rights in the Light of International Human Rights Law (PhD thesis, Bangor University 2014).
Laws and Legal Documents
Iraq Law No.8 of 2021 (Yazidi Female Survivors Law) https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/2021/en/124274.
The First Amendment Law No. 57 of 2015 to the Iraqi Compensation Law No. 20 of 2009 Concerning Reparation for Damage Caused by Military Operations, Military Errors and Terrorist Operations (21 November 2015).
The Iraqi Civil Law No. 40 of 1951.
The Iraqi Compensation Law No. 20 of 2009 Concerning Reparation for Damage Caused by Military Operations, Military Errors and Terrorist Atrocities.
The Iraqi Constitution of 2005 accessed 12 June 2025.
The Iraqi Criminal Procedure Code of 1971 http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/research/Egypt/Criminal%20Procedures.pdf accessed 4 June 2025.
Official Documents and Reports
Geneva International Centre for Justice, Iraq: Enforced Disappearance: A Widespread Challenge, Shadow Report Submitted to the UN Committee on Enforced Disappearances in the Light of Reviewing Iraq’s Report in 9th Session (7–18 September 2015).
Human Rights Watch, ‘Iraq: Compensation for ISIS Victims Too Little, Too Late’ (2023) https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/09/iraq-compensation-isis-victims-too-little-too-late accessed 13 January 2025.
Human Rights Watch, Iraq: Compensation for Victims of Violence(14 April 2023) https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/09/iraq-compensation-isis-victims-too-little-too-late accessed 18 December 2025.
Human Rights Watch, Iraq: Sinjaris Finally Compensated (18 November 2024) https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/11/18/iraq-sinjaris-finally-compensated accessed 17 December 2025.
International Organization for Migration (IOM) Iraq, A Decade of Grief: Families of Victims of Speicher Massacre Demand Justice and Memorialization (IOM Iraq, published June 2024) https://iraq.iom.int/news/decade-grief-families-victims-speicher-massacre-demand-justice-and-memorialization accessed 15 July 2025.
International Organization for Migration (IOM), Iraq: Victims’ Compensation and Humanitarian Assistance Report (2024) https://iraq.iom.int/reports/victims-compensation accessed 17 December 2025.
Iraqi High Commission for Human Rights, Report about Implementation of the International Convention (Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance) (August 2015) https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/DownloadDraft.aspx?key=vOi6LgKTAsmRyv4xcSHtLHbYIS0ThvCNRhz39keV9bW9Dmm8WnUKtADQru+qgGPS accessed 15 January 2026.
Iraqi Organisations and others, Seeking Accountability and Demanding Change: A Report on Women’s Rights Violations in Iraq (2015).
Jiyan Foundation for Human Rights and Coalition for Just Reparations (C4JR), More Than “Ink on Paper”: Taking Stock Two Years after the Adoption of the Yazidi [Female] Survivors Law (2023).
Jiyan Foundation for Human Rights and Coalition for Just Reparations, Reparations for Victims of ISIL-Created Conflict in Iraq: Report to the United Nations Committee Against Torture, 73rd Session (Geneva, 19 April–13 May 2022) (17 March 2022).
United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), Report on Compensation Claims and Implementation (2023) https://iraq.un.org/en/300014-working-improve-access-compensation-iraqi-victims-war-and-terrorism accessed 17 December 2025.
Warnock D, ‘The Iraqi Criminal Justice System: An Introduction’ (2010) 39 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 1.
Working to Improve Access to Compensation for Iraqi Victims of War and Terrorism (2023) https://iraq.un.org/en/300014-working-improve-access-compensation-iraqi-victims-war-and-terrorism accessed 18 December 2025.
UN Human Rights Committee, ‘Concluding Observations on the Fifth Periodic Report of Iraq’ (6 November 2015) CCPR/CO/IRQ/5 https://www.refworld.org/policy/polrec/hrc/2015/en/108194 accessed 15 January 2026.
United Nations Committee on Enforced Disappearances, Concluding Observations on the Report Submitted by Iraq under Article 29(1) of the Convention (13 October 2015) CED/C/IRQ/CO/1.
United Nations Committee on Enforced Disappearances, Report of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances on its visit to Iraq under Article 33 of the Convention (19 April 2023) UN DOC CED/C/IRQ/VR/1.
UNITAD, Camp Speicher: A Pattern of Mass Killing and Genocidal Intent (United Nations Investigative Team for Accountability for Da’esh/ISIL, 12 June 2024) https://iraq.un.org/sites/default/files/2024-06/camp_speicher-pattern_of_mass_killing_and_genocidal_intend_en.pdf accessed 15 July 2025.
United Nations, Committee Against Torture, Concluding Observations on the Initial Report of Iraq (August 2015) UN Doc CAT/C/IRQ/CO/1.
United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), Promotion and Protection of Rights of Victims of Sexual Violence Captured by ISIL/or in Areas Controlled by ISIL in Iraq (UNAMI/OHCHR, 22 August 2017).
United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), Accountability for Domestic Violence in Iraq: Promoting Justice and Non-Discrimination (UNAMI/OHCHR, March 2024).
United Nations Development Programme, Engaged Societies, Responsive States: The Social Contract in Situations of Conflict and Fragility (April 2016).
United Nations, Committee on Enforced Disappearances, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 29, Paragraph 1, of the Convention: Reports of States Parties due in 2012, Iraq (26 June 2014) CED/C/IRQ/1.
Human Rights Committee, ‘Review the Report of Iraq’ (27 October 2015) https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2015/10/human-rights-committee-reviews-report-iraq?sub-site=HRC accessed 15 January 2026.
Sir John Chilcot, ‘Public Statement’ (The Iraq Inquiry, 6 July 2016) https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20171123124608/http://www.iraqinquiry.org.uk/the-inquiry/sir-john-chilcots-public-statement/ accessed 15 January 2026.
International Case Law
Salem Saad Ali Bashasha v The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya No 1776/2008, UN Doc CCPR/C/100/D/1776/2008 (2010).
Loayza Tamayo v Peru, Reparations, Judgment of 27 November 1998, Inter-Am Ct HR (Ser C) No 42 (1998).
Mahmut Kaya v Turkey App no 22535/93 (ECtHR, 28 March 2000).
Iraqi Courts’ Rulings
Court of Cassation Rulings No. 223/Civil First/1979 and No. 1060/Civil First/1979 (21 October 1979).
Court Rulings No. 691/III Civil/1971 (5 July 1971) and No. 30/Public Body/1971 (6 November 1971).
Court of Cassation Ruling No. 77/Civil First/1975 (21 May 1978).
Court of Cassation Ruling No. 362/M1/1978 (12 July 1978) published in Collection of Judgments, No 3, 1978.
Court of Cassation Ruling No. 581/M1/1978 (25 July 1978).
Court of Cassation Ruling No. 360/Civil 1/1979 (10 May 1979) published in Judicial Proceedings, Ministry of Justice (1st edn, June 1979).
Court of Cassation Ruling No. 80/82 (19 July 1982) published in Collection of Judgments, No 3, 1982.
Court of Cassation Ruling No. 2595/Administrative 1/1985 (23 September 1985).
Court of Cassation Ruling No 2664/Appeal Body/2013 (25 November 2013) http://www.tqmag.net/body.asp?field=news_arabic&id=2214&page_namper=p_no2 accessed 6 September 2017.
Court Ruling No 243 (31 August 2009).
Court of Cassation Ruling No. 567/Public Body/2009 (24 May 2010) published in Journal of Judicial Publications, Supreme Judicial Council, No 1 (2011).
Court of Cassation Ruling No. 1336/1398/Appeal/2010 (26 October 2010).
Court of Cassation Ruling No. 2/First Expanded Body/87 (30 August 1987) published in Judiciary Magazine, No 4, 1987.

مجلد 15 عدد 2 (2026): العدد المنتظم