International Review of Law

Back Matter

Hamzeh Abdallah Ayed Khwaileh — 2026-05-26

Possibility for AI Arbitrators to Replace Human Arbitrators: Legal and Social Perspective

Layan Al Fatayri — 2026-05-26

The rapid advancement of technology and the increasing adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) have prompted significant debate within international arbitration. This study examines whether AI arbitrators could replace human decision-makers or if their role is more appropriately understood as supportive tools within the arbitral process. Although previous scholarship has explored the potential of AI in arbitration, persistent uncertainties remain concerning enforceability, conceptual clarity, and compatibility with existing legal frameworks. The primary objective of this research is to critically assess these challenges while addressing the broader implications of integrating AI into arbitral practice. To achieve this, the study employs a mixed-method approach. It combines a normative legal analysis of current arbitral laws and principles with empirical insights drawn from an original survey conducted by the author. In addition, the study incorporates statistical data from a recent practitioner-based survey to provide comparative context and enrich the analysis. The findings reveal that while AI offers considerable promise in enhancing efficiency, consistency, and accessibility in arbitration, practitioners express caution regarding its ability to fully replace human arbitrators. Concerns related to procedural fairness, transparency, and enforceability of awards remain central, with respondents emphasizing that AI is better suited to complement human decision-making rather than replace it. This study contributes originality by merging legal theory with practitioner perspectives, thereby bridging the gap between abstract legal debates and practical realities.

The Regulation of Complementary Laws in the Jordanian Constitution in Light of the 2022 Constitutional Amendments: A Comparative Study

Shatha Ahmad Al-Assaf — 2026-05-26

The Jordanian Constitution has adopted the concept of complementary laws, as reflected in the latest 2022 amendments. Given the novelty of regulating them in the Jordanian Constitution, this study aims to explain the nature of the laws complementary to the constitution, their legal status, judicial oversight of their constitutionality, and the adequacy of the provisions regulating them in the Jordanian Constitution compared to the Egyptian Constitution.

The study adopted the descriptive, analytic, and comparative approaches by tackling the Jordanian and Egyptian constitutional texts that regulate the laws complementary to the constitution, comparing them, and analyzing jurisprudential opinions and constitutional judicial rulings.

The study concludes a number of results; the most important of which is that the Jordanian and Egyptian constitutions do not have clear standards that help distinguish the laws complementary to the constitution. They, moreover, do not explicitly define their legal status. The Egyptian Constitutional Judiciary reviewed the constitutionality of these laws, while the Jordanian Constitutional Judiciary was unable to do the same due to the recent adoption of such laws.

The study makes a set of recommendations, most notably that due to the deficiency in regulating the laws complementary to the constitution in the Jordanian Constitution, which is manifest by the fact that they are only listed without explaining their legal status. It is, therefore, necessary to amend the Jordanian Constitution to address this deficiency. The Jordanian Constitutional Judiciary should also monitor formal procedures for ratifying the laws complementary to the constitution while reviewing their constitutionality.

The Evidentiary Value of Blockchain Records in the Criminal Justice System: A Comparative Analytical Study

Omar Abdal Majid Musbih — 2026-05-26

The study aims to determine the impact of applying blockchain technology in the criminal justice system, as the digital transformation has great importance in the modern era in achieving fair and efficient justice. It also aims to understand the nature of blockchain technology and its mechanism of operation, in addition to demonstrating the availability of irrefutable digital evidence through the protection of its integrity and legal validity, which facilitates its acceptance by the competent judicial authorities. The study's problem is represented by discussing a fundamental issue: the evidential value of digital evidence extracted from blockchain technology in the criminal justice system.

Study Methodology: To address its problem, this study adopted a descriptive approach to describe the uses of contemporary technology in criminal justice. It also relied on an analytical approach to analyze facts and data to clarify the nature of blockchain technology and determine its relationship with digital evidence.

Results: The study concluded that it is important to complete the regulations applicable to blockchain evidence in the area of rule design, particularly with regard to legal liability. It has become necessary to formulate clear and specific legal rules to reduce judicial uncertainty.

Originality of the Study: Given the lack of legal studies that address the evidentiary value of blockchain records in the criminal justice system, this study is considered a scientific addition to the field of criminal evidence, especially after the increasing complexity of digital criminal activities which led to judicial authorities facing challenges in preserving the integrity and credibility of digital evidence due to its presence at a virtual crime scene. Given the increasing use of blockchain technology, the way it is handled in litigation and other legal disputes is becoming increasingly important. Therefore, blockchain-based systems offer a revolutionary approach to addressing these concerns by providing a decentralized, immutable, and transparent platform for managing criminal record data.

Cumulative voting as A tool for joint-stock company Governance in Electing Board Members Under Kuwaiti Law: A comparative analytical study

Fahad Naamah Alshammari — 2026-05-26

This research explores the cumulative voting system as a mechanism for electing board members in public shareholding companies. It examines the implications of the Kuwaiti legislator’s decision to retreat from making cumulative voting mandatory for board elections, particularly in light of recent legislative reforms to the Kuwaiti Companies Law No. 1 of 2016 and the Executive Bylaws of the Capital Markets Authority Law No. 7 of 2010. Hence and by using a comparative analytical approach, the study reviews how different jurisdictions regulate cumulative voting and applies these insights to assess its legal framework within Kuwait’s commercial laws. The findings highlight that the Kuwaiti legislator’s decision to abandon the mandatory application of cumulative voting has compromised the representation of minority shareholders on company boards. This move has allowed major shareholders to maintain control over boards, despite reforms intended to curb such dominance. The study also emphasizes the need for legislative amendments to strengthen the legal framework for cumulative voting, ensuring fairer protection for shareholders in public shareholding companies. Thus, the research concluded by providing a set of recommendations for the Kuwaiti legislator, focusing on the need for amendments to the Companies Law No. 1 of 2016 to establish a more balanced and effective regulatory system.

Cash Dividends in Publicly Listed Joint-Stock Companies in Qatari Financial Markets

Nader M. Ibrahim — 2026-05-26

Objective: The legal framework governing the calculation and distribution of profits in listed companies within the Qatari financial markets has undergone significant reforms with the issuance of Qatar Financial Markets Authority Board Resolution No. 7 of 2023, as amended by Resolution No. 5 of 2024. This study aims to explain these provisions, together with the Qatari Commercial Companies Law No. 11 of 2015, regarding ‘cash dividends’, particularly in light of the introduction of the concept of ‘interim dividends’.

Methodology: The research falls within descriptive legal studies in the field of corporate law, although the researcher has partially incorporated some comparative references along with a degree of critical analysis.

Results: The study demonstrates that Resolution No. 7 effectively provides a balance between the stability of listed companies and attracting investment to enhance the competitiveness of Qatari financial markets. However, it also highlights the need for legislative amendments to the Commercial Companies Law and Resolution No. 7 to address certain areas that require clarification, development, and the enhancement of legitimacy. The research discusses these issues and provides detailed recommendations accordingly.

Originality: Although the study addresses traditional aspects related to the calculation and distribution of cash dividends in Public Joint Stock Companies, it uniquely positions itself as the first to analyze Resolution No. 7 and its amendments, which were implemented in Qatar in 2024, offering pioneering insights into these reforms, as is the case with the new concept of ‘interim dividend’.

The Jordanian Legislative Policy for Cybersecurity Provisions between Reality and Aspirations

Huthaifa Mohammad Ahmad Albustanji — 2026-05-26

Cybersecurity has become a significant issue that raises concern among nations, businesses, and individuals alike. Due to the continuous evolution of methods for committing crimes in the digital environment, this study addresses the legal framework of cybersecurity to identify the gaps that the Jordanian legislator has encountered in defining and organizing the relevant provisions and associated crimes. The study concluded that the current legal situation hinders the development of the cybersecurity framework, primarily due to gaps in defining cybersecurity itself and the overlap between electronic crimes against individuals and those targeting networks and information systems. To address this, the study adopted a comprehensive analytical comparative methodology, examining the legal provisions related to cybersecurity and associated crimes in Jordan by comparing them with other legal systems to uncover deficiencies and legislative gaps. This methodology aims to provide a comprehensive perspective that contributes to improving the current legal framework and proposing effective solutions to bridge the gaps and enhance the cybersecurity system.

Ensuring Child Alimony Rights in Custody Disputes under Maghreb Legal Systems

Meroua Ben Chouiekh — 2026-05-26

This research aims to study the effectiveness of the legal provision related to alimony in certain Maghreb legislation in extending adequate protection to the right of children under custody to receive financial support, and to identify the legal guarantees provided in this regard under both the civil and criminal aspects.

The research relies on a combination of several approaches, namely: the inductive, analytical, and comparative approaches. It begins with an examination and analysis of a set of legal texts and judicial applications related to the subject, in order to investigate the extent of their capacity to constitute a legal basis for protecting the right to alimony, which is considered one of the most important family claims. These texts are then compared with one another to identify points of convergence among Maghreb legislations, with particular emphasis on the shortcomings that characterize them.

The scientific value of the research lies in its focus on an issue connected to one of the most important and frequently raised types of family disputes before Maghreb courts, given the livelihood‑related nature of alimony and the importance of the category entitled to protection. This category represents the weakest party in family disputes, as the law is keen to ensure that children are not burdened with the consequences of conflicts arising between parents and others.

Moreover, studying this topic contributes to a closer understanding of the role entrusted to the Maghreb personal status laws, as well as to the Maghreb judicial authorities, in achieving real and effective protection for children by guaranteeing their most important material rights. This lends the research a practical dimension from which researchers in the field of family law may draw inspiration.

Financial Investigation Challenges Associated with Money Laundering Operations Through Crypto Currencies

Marwa Youssef Youssef Elbesiky — 2026-05-26

The world of "virtual assets" is an integral part of the technological revolution in the current financial system, which has transformed the traditional economy into a digital economy. However, criminals have exploited it for money laundering while remaining anonymous, concealing the trail of their illicit financial transactions through the dark web. Conducting financial investigations and tracing these assets is a new challenge that requires further research and analysis, which this study aims to undertake.

The study adopts a comparative analytical approach by analyzing the legal texts of EU Regulations No. 1113-1114/2023 issued by the European Council as a comprehensive regulatory framework for virtual asset service providers. It also examines the key rules introduced by the Financial Action Task Force, including the "Travel Rule."

Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to continuously highlight international efforts to combat money laundering through virtual assets, particularly the efforts of the U.S. Treasury Department, which has successfully apprehended offenders operating on the dark web. These efforts serve as a practical guide for investigators handling similar cases.

One of the main conclusions of this study is that conducting financial investigations on the dark web is legally complex, as it depends on the laws of the country where the assets have been transferred. Hence, the significance of this study lies in providing legal and practical expertise. It is recommended to examine U.S. laws and judicial precedents, paying special attention to the efforts of FATF and the European Council in establishing treaties and initiatives to support international cooperation in combating the illicit and anonymous use of virtual assets through the dark web.

Civil Liability in Qatari Civil Law: The Legacy of Islamic Jurisprudence in Facing Development Challenges

Ines Amouri — 2026-05-26

Civil liability in the Qatari Civil Law of 2004 faces new challenges related to scientific, technological, and economic development. Given the richness of Islamic jurisprudence and its importance as a fundamental source in Qatari law, the research focuses on the contributions that this legacy can offer to civil liability to address development challenges. This issue has not been previously explored in research. The analytical and inductive methods were adopted to identify the obstacles preventing compensation for newly emerged damages and then to find solutions inspired by the logic and mechanisms of Islamic jurisprudence.

The study aims to demonstrate that the legacy of Islamic jurisprudence provides significant contributions to addressing development challenges. Firstly, by reinforcing existing rules through an expanded interpretation, and secondly, by establishing what is missing in civil law, namely the objective approach to liability.

The research led to recommendations, some of which involve adopting a broad interpretation of certain articles of the civil law to align with the direction dictated by Islamic jurisprudence. Other recommendations include introducing additions derived from Islamic jurisprudence, such as establishing strict liability and incorporating some principles of Islamic jurisprudence to add more flexibility to the field of civil liability and strengthen its functions. This would make it more capable of accommodating not only modern damages but also future damages that may arise with upcoming developments.

The Legal Regulation of Modern Reproductive Assistance Technologies in the Jordanian Medical and Health Liability Law No. 25 of 2018

Theyab Damen Theyab Ishtayat — 2026-05-26

The study addresses the legal status of modern assisted reproductive technologies as one of the applications of the impact of scientific developments on the rules of medical civil liability. This is achieved by outlining the scientific and legal framework of assisted reproductive technologies and analyzing the legal controls governing the use of these technologies.

This study is one of the first specialized studies after the enactment of the Jordanian Medical Liability Law, and it serves as a precursor to future studies that can build on the results of this research through re-examining the importance of revisiting the draft law on modern assisted reproductive technologies of 2006.

The study follows a descriptive and analytical methodology by presenting the theoretical framework of the study and analyzing legal texts, comparing them with other Arab laws to assess the accuracy of the legal regulation of the issue in Jordanian legislation.

The study concludes with several findings and recommendations. The main findings include the inadequacy of Article 13 of the Jordanian Medical Liability Law to establish a sufficient legal framework addressing the issues raised by these technologies, such as the failure to provide provisions for the freezing of eggs before marriage due to illness. The key recommendations include the necessity to expand the controls for resorting to these technologies, such as setting a maximum duration for preserving reproductive materials and explicitly criminalizing surrogacy or the use of alternative wombs.

Regulations Governing the Exercise of the Right to Strike under Qatari Labor Law: A Comparative Study

Yousef Hassan Yousef Hassan Al Hammadi — 2026-05-26

This study examines the regulations governing the exercise of the right to strike under Qatari labor law by analyzing the relevant legal provisions and comparing them with the applicable legislation in both France and Egypt, in light of the relevant International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions. The choice of this topic responds to the need to assess the extent to which Qatar restricts the exercise of this right and the degree to which such restrictions align with international standards, especially amid growing international discourse on labor rights and state obligations in this context. The study adopts a comparative analytical methodology, whereby legal provisions regulating strikes in Qatari law are examined and compared with the corresponding regulations in the selected countries, with reference to international conventions concerning the right to strike. The findings reveal that Qatari labor law imposes a range of conditions on the exercise of the right to strike, foremost among which is the requirement that three-quarters of the General Committee of Workers in the profession or industry approve strikes, effectively rendering strikes legally difficult to implement. The law also requires the exhaustion of peaceful dispute resolution mechanisms beforehand, prior notification of the strike, and prohibits strikes in certain essential sectors. These restrictions, however, are not exceptional; rather, they are consistent with practices in France and Egypt and are generally in line with the principles of the relevant ILO conventions, which recognize the right to union organization and collective bargaining while allowing states to regulate the exercise of this right in a way that balances it with the public interest. Based on these findings, the study recommends the development of more transparent policies that safeguard workers’ rights, prevent violations, and proactively improve labor conditions. This includes intensifying labor inspections to ensure company compliance with labor law provisions and taking legal action against non-compliant entities.

The Crime of Starving Palestinians in the Gaza Strip: Between Legal Responsibility and Accountability

May Barakat — 2026-05-26

This study addresses the multiple legal qualifications of the crime of starvation occurring in the Gaza Strip since October 2023, according to International Criminal Law, considering it as either a crime of genocide or a war crime. A critical issue arises in the midst of the legal debate, stemming from the centrality of the criminal intent (Mens rea), specifically the specific genocidal intent (dolus specialis), as a criterion for distinguishing genocide from other international crimes. This is closely related to determining the type of legal responsibility involved, whether it is Israel's international responsibility or individual criminal liability, which represents the main problem of the research. The study aims to offer an alternative and comprehensive reading of the crime of starvation as a criminal act falling under the crime of genocide. To achieve this goal, the researchers used both comparative and descriptive-analytical methodologies. The study concluded with the main finding that the crime of starvation in the Gaza Strip should be viewed as an integral part of the genocidal practices and policies pursued by Israel against the Palestinians.

Table of Content

Hamzeh Abdallah Ayed Khwaileh — 2026-05-26

Table of Content

Hamzeh Abdallah Ayed Khwaileh — 2026-05-26

Editorial Foreword

Hamzeh Abdallah Ayed Khwaileh — 2026-05-26

Editorial Foreword

Hamzeh Abdallah Ayed Khwaileh — 2026-05-26

Front Matter

Hamzeh Abdallah Ayed Khwaileh — 2026-05-26