قانون حماية حق المؤلف
دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي
شات جي بي تي
التحديات القانونية
الذكاء الاصطناعي التوليدي

Books
Al-Hindani K and Sadiq M S A, Copyright in Kuwaiti Law (Kuwait 2019).
Albazouni KHS, The Effect of Artificial Intelligence on the Theory of Right (Modern Book Foundation 2013).
Khate S H, Intellectual Property; A Comparative Study in Bahraini Law (1st University of Bahrain, 2007).
Book Chapters
Al Balushi R, Al Lawati N and Mohsin M, ‘The Term of Protection of Economic Rights under the Copyright Laws of the GCC’ in Price D and Aldebasi A (eds), Intellectual Property Rights: Development and Enforcement in the Arab States of the Gulf (Gerlach Press 2017).
Sheikh H, Prins C and Schrijvers E, ‘Artificial Intelligence: Definition and Background’ in Sheikh H, Prins C and Schrijvers E (eds), Mission AI: The New System Technology (Springer International Publishing 2023).
Journal Articles
Ahmed FAI, Al-Adl A Y M and Mohammed MA I, ‘Copyright and Scientific Integrity’ (2020) 54 Journal of the Faculty of Articles.
Al-Barakati AAH, ‘Establishing a Case for Developing a Governance Framework for AI Regulations in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries’ (2021) 10 JKAU Computing and Information Technology Sciences.
Al-Hindani K, ‘Some Notes on Copyright Law and Related Rights’ (2022) 1 Journal of Law.
Al-Mutalaqah MFM and Yassin BMB, ‘The Nature of the Author Right’ (2013) 33 Journal Cybrarians.
Al-Nawi MA, ‘Legal Protection of Copyright on the Internet’ (2021) 13 Journal of Judicial Reasoning.
Ali MSM, Wasel KZA, Abdelhamid AMM, ‘Generative AI and Media Content Creation: Investigating the Factors Shaping User Acceptance in the Arab Gulf States’ (2024) 5 Journalism and Media.
Almarzoqi R and Albakjaji M, ‘The Patentability of AI Invention: The Case of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Law’ (2022) 13 International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology.
Almawla H, ‘Parody in Copyright Laws of GCC States: Where Does It Fit?’ (2018) 32 Arab Law Quarterly.
Bonadio E, McDonagh L and Plamen D, ‘Artificial Intelligence as Inventor: Exploring the Consequences for Patent Law’ (2021) 1 Intellectual Property Quarterly.
Chesterman S, ‘Artificial Intelligence and the Limits of Legal Personality’ (2020) 69 International & Comparative Law Quarterly.
Dornis TW, ‘Artificial Creativity: Emergent Works and the Void in Current IP Doctrine’ (2020) 22 Yale Journal of Law & Technology.
Dorotheou E, ‘Reap the Benefits and Avoid the Legal Uncertainty: Who Owns the Creations of Artificial Intelligence?’ (2015) 21 Computer and Telecommunications Law Review.
Glasser D, ‘Copyrights in Computer-Generated Works: Whom, If Anyone, Do We Reward?’ (2001) Duke Law & Technology Review.
Khalil SE M, ‘Legal and Legitimate Protection of the Right to Translation: A Comparative Study in Egyptian Law and the Saudi System’ (2018) 33 Journal of the Faculty of Sharia and Law, Tanta.
Lucchi N, ‘ChatGPT: A Case Study on Copyright Challenges for Generative Artificial Intelligence Systems’ (2023) European Journal of Risk Regulation.
Marar A D, ‘The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf’ (2004) 10 Law and Business Review of the Americas.
Olwan R, ‘The UAE Copyright Law in light of modern technological developments’ (2016) 2 International Review of Law.
Palace VM, ‘What If Artificial Intelligence Wrote This: Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Law’ (2019) 71 Florida Law Review.
Perry M and Margoni T, ‘From Music Tracks to Google Maps: Who Owns Computer-Generated Works?’ (2010) 26 Computer Law & Security Review.
Ralston WT, ‘Copyright in Computer-Composed Music: HAL Meets Handel’ (2005) 52 Journal of the Copyright Society of the USA.
Roumeliotis K I and Tselikas N D, ‘ChatGPT and Open-AI Models: A Preliminary Review’ (2023) 15 Future Internet.
Reports, Policy Papers and Institutional Publications
Firth-Butterfield K and others ‘Artificial Intelligence Collides with Patent Law’ (World Economic Forum, 2018). Available at: https://www.weforum.org/publications/artificial-intelligence-collides-with-patent-law/
Information and eGovernment Authority, Kingdom of Bahrain, General Policy for the Use of AI (20 May 2025).
Kuwait communication and information technology regulatory authority (CITRA), AI Ethics Principles & Guidelines.
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, National Artificial Intelligence Strategy for Qatar 2019.
Nadde S I, Study of the Intellectual Property Protection Regulatory Frameworks of the GCC (GFA Consulting Group April 2021) at: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/IPR%20regulatory%20frameworks%20in%20the%20GCC%20Report%202021%2004.pdf accessed 1 October 2024.
Oman ministry of transport, communication and information technology, General Policy for the Safe and Ethical Use of Artificial Intelligence Systems.
Samoili S and others, AI Watch. Defining Artificial Intelligence. Towards an Operational Definition and Taxonomy of Artificial Intelligence, EUR 30117 EN (Publications Office of the European Union 2020) 7 available at: https://eprints.ugd.edu.mk/id/eprint/28047 accessed 7 March 2024.
Saudi Data & AI Authority, AI Ethics Principles.
Saudi Data & AI Authority, Generative Artificial Intelligence Guidelines for Public.
Smart Dubai, AI Ethics Principles & Guidelines.
The Economist Intelligence Unit, Innovating through Tech in the GCC (2020) available at: https://www.bahrainedb.com/app/uploads/2020/10/EIU-Bahrain-EDB-Innovating-through-tech-in-the-GCC-24th-August-2020.pdf accessed 18 May 2024.
United Arab Emirates Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence, Digital Economy, and Remote Work Applications Office, 100 Practical Applications and Use Cases of Generative AI (2023).
United Arab Emirates Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence, Digital Economy, and Remote Work Applications Office, UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031 (2019).
Legislations
Bahrain Civil Law No 19 of 2001.
Bahrain Law No 22 of 2006 on the Protection of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights (as amended up to Law No. 5 of 2014).
Civil Transactions Law of Saudi Arabia, pursuant to Royal Decree M/191 dated 29/11/1444H (corresponding to 19 June 2023G).
Kuwait Law No. 75 of 2019 on Copyright and Related Rights.
Kuwaiti Civil Law No 67 of 1980.
Oman Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights (promulgated by Royal Decree No. 65/2008).
Omani Civil Transactions Law, Royal Decree (RD 29/2013).
Qatar Civil Law No. 22 of 2004.
Qatar Law No. 7 of 2002 on the Protection of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights.
Saudi Arabia Copyright Law (issued by Royal Decree No. M/41 of 2 Rajab 1424H (30 August 2003), and amended by Decision of the Council of Ministers No. 536 of 19 Shawwal 1439H (3 July 2018).
Saudi Arabia’s IP Law project ‘Intellectual Property Associated with Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies and Supporting Its Promotion’.
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Trademark Law.
The Gulf Cooperation Council Primary Law.
The Patent Regulation of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf and its Implementing Bylaws.
The United Arab Emirates Federal Decree-Law No. 38 of 2021 on Copyrights and Neighbouring Rights.
Websites, Online Articles and Blog Posts
‘Copyright Registration and Procedures in the GCC’ (Mondaq, 15 September 2020) www.mondaq.com/copyright/984642/copyright-registration-and-procedures-in-the-gcc accessed 1 October 2024.
‘Maximising Artificial Intelligence opportunities in Oman’ (Oman Observer, 17 September 2019) www.omanobserver.om/maximising-artificial-intelligence-opportunities-in-oman/ss accessed 19 May 2024.
‘Saudi Arabia and Artificial Intelligence’ (Middle East Political and Economic Institute, November 2, 2020) https://mepei.com/saudi-arabia-and-artificial-intelligence/ accessed 18 May 2024.
‘Technology Innovation Institute Announces Launch of NOOR, the World’s Largest Arabic NLP Model’ (Technology Innovation Institute, 13 April 2022) https://www.tii.ae/news/technology-innovation-institute-announces-launch-noor-worlds-largest-arabic-nlp-model accessed 20 September 2024.
Benito A, ‘Saudi Arabia launches $100 Billion AI initiative to lead in global tech’ (CIO, 11 November 2024) https://www.cio.com/article/3602900/saudi-arabia-launches-100-billion-ai-initiative-to-lead-in-global-tech.html accessed 18 May 2024.
Bogaert N, ‘Using Chat-GPT for Innovators: Enhancing Creativity and Innovation’ (Board of Innovation) https://www.boardofinnovation.com/blog/using-chat-gpt-for-innovators-enhancing-creativity-and-innovation/ accessed 9 February 2025.
Copeland BJ, ‘Artificial Intelligence’ (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 18 March 2022) www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence accessed 7 March 2024.
Dickson B, ‘How Qatar Plans to Become a Global Leader in Artificial Intelligence’ (TechTalks, 24 July 2019) accessed 24 May 2024.
Gulf Cooperation Council official website, ‘About GCC’ https://www.gcc-sg.org/en/AboutUs/Pages/PrimaryLaw.aspx accessed 22 February 2024.
Helms SC and Krieser J D, ‘Copyright Chaos: Legal Implications of Generative AI’ (McDermott Will & Emery, 14 March 2023) www.mwe.com/media/copyright-chaos-legal-implications-of-generative-ai/ accessed 19 March 2024.
Intellectual Property Help Desk, ‘Intellectual Property in ChatGPT’ (European Commission, 20 February 2023) https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/intellectual-property-chatgpt-2023-02-20_en accessed 19 February 2024.
Malin C, ‘First LLM Trained Exclusively on Saudi Data Sets’ (Middle East AI News, 6 March 2024) www.middleeastainews.com/p/first-llm-trained-saudi-data-sets accessed 20 September 2024.
Marr B, ‘A Short History of ChatGPT: How We Got to Where We Are Today’ (Forbes, 19 May 2023) www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2023/05/19/a-short-history-of-chatgpt-how-we-got-to-where-we-are-today/ accessed 19 February 2024.
Murray M, Gaugeler R and Batarfi S, ‘Saudi Arabia Pioneers Regulation of Artificial Intelligence in the Gulf Region with Proposed New Intellectual Property Law’ (Two Birds, 6 July 2023) www.twobirds.com/en/insights/2023/global/saudi-arabia-pioneers-regulation-of-artificial-intelligence accessed 9 May 2024.
OpenAI, ‘About’ https://openai.com/about accessed 20 February 2024.
OpenAI, ‘Terms of Use’ https://openai.com/policies/terms-of-use/ accessed 26 February 2024.
Ramalho A, ‘Patentability of AI-Generated Inventions: Is a Reform of the Patent System Needed?’ (2018) https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3168703 accessed 7 March 2024.
Ryder J and Mackay A S, ‘GCC AI Regulation- Snapshot’ (Lexology, 31 January 2024) www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=3b189eba-439e-41bf-a62a-2d0e65b76b05 accessed 24 May 2024.
Saleh A, ‘The Saudi Authority for Intellectual Property (SAIP) issued a Draft Intellectual Property Legislation’ (Tamimi, 10 April 2023) www.tamimi.com/news/the-saudi-authority-for-intellectual-property-saip-issued-a-draft-intellectual-property-legislation/ accessed 2 October 2024.
Warner A, ‘NOOR, the New Largest NLP Model for the Arabic Language’ (Multilingual, 20 April 2022) https://multilingual.com/noor-the-new-largest-nlp-model-for-the-arabic-language/ accessed 20 September 2024.

مجلد 15 عدد 2 (2026): العدد المنتظم