الشريعة الإسلامية والتحكيم في دول الخليج العربي – الطريق مفتوح
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منشور
أبر 30, 2021
الملخص
بالرغم من وجود بيئة تشريعية متوافقة مع أحدث النصوص الدولية الصادرة في مجال التحكيم في أغلب دول الخليج العربي، مثل القانون النموذجي للجنة الأمم المتحدة للقانون التجاري الدولي 1985؛ إلا أن عدم وضوح المفهوم الحقيقي للشريعة الإسلامية، كجزء من النظام العام، وكذلك عدم وضوح موقفها من بعض الأمور المتعلقة بالتحكيم، يجعل منها، في نظر بعض المستثمرين والقانونيين الأجانب، عائقًا محتملًا أمام إمكانية تنفيذ أحكام التحكيم الوطنية والأجنبية في دول الخليج العربي، حيث يمكن الاستناد إلى قواعدها؛ للطعن بالبطلان في حكم التحكيم لمخالفته للنظام العام.
يهدف البحث إلى بيان خطأ الاعتقاد بكون الشريعة الإسلامية عائقًا أمام التحكيم في دول الخليج العربي، من خلال توضيح موقف التحكيم في المفهوم الحقيقي للشريعة الإسلامية، كجزء من النظام العام. كما يتناول الدور الفعلي للشريعة الإسلامية، كأساس للطعن ببطلان أحكام التحكيم، من خلال بيان موقفها، وموقف التشريعات الخليجية من بعض المسائل التي قد تبدو، لأول وهلة، مخالفة للشريعة، مثل؛ ديانة المحكم، وتحكيم المرأة، وفوائد الديون، وعقود الغرر.
المقاييس
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الكلمات المفتاحية
التحكيمالشريعة الإسلاميةالنظام العامبطلان حكم التحكيمديانة المحكمجنس المحكمالتفسير المرن لقواعد الشريعة
المراجع
Abdul Qadir Awdah, ‘al-Tashri’ al-Jina’i al-Islami Muqaranan bi Qanun al-Wad’i.’, (Vol.1, 13th ed, Muassasah al-Risalah, Beirut, 1994).
Abu Amina Bilal Philips, The evaluation of Fiqh (The international Islamic publishing House, 1988).
Adnrey Ryabinin, Procedural Public Policy: in Regard to the Enforcement and Recognition of Foreign Arbitral Awards, (LLM short thesis, Central European University, Budapest, 2009) accessed 13 May 2020.
Ahmed Al-Mutawa, Challenges to the enforcement of arbitral awards in the states of Gulf Cooperation Council, (PhD Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2014).
Ahmed Mahmoud Shawky, Report about the approach of the UAE Federal Court in the matter of banking interest rates, (14th Conference of College of Law and Sharia, Islamic Financial Institutions, UAE University, May 2005).
Al-Amidi Abou Al-Hassan Said Al-Din, Al Ehkam fi Usul Al Ahkam, vol.4 (the Islamic Office Publisher Beirut, 1981).
Ali Ashgar, The State in Islam: Nature and the Scope (Hope India Publications, 2006).
Al-Ramahi, Aseel, Sulh, A Crucial Part of Islamic Arbitration, working paper accessed 13 May 2020.
Amel Abdallah, Arbitration in Oman, in Gordon Blank(ed), Arbitration in MENA, (Juris 2016).
Bell (John), ‘English law & French Law- Not so Different’ (1995) 48, Current Legal Problems.
Born. G., International Arbitration: Law and Practice (The Netherlands 2012).
Bryan Druzin, ‘Why does soft law have any power, anyway?’(2017)7, Asian Journal of International Law.
Dar Wasiq Abass, ‘Understanding Public Policy as an Exception to the Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards -A South-Asian Perspective’ (2015) 2, European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance.
El-Ahdab, Abdul Hamid & El-Ahdab, Jalal, Arbitration with the Arab Countries, (Wolters Kluwer 2011).
Faisal Kutty, ‘The Shari'a Factor in International Commercial Arbitration’ (2006) 28, Loyola of Los Angeles International & Comparative Law Review.
Fatima Akaddaf, ‘Application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) to Arab Islamic Countries: Is the CISG Compatible with Islamic Law Principles?’ (2001) 13/1, Pace International Law Review.
Fred, M. Donner, Muhammad and the Caliphate: Political History of the Islamic Empire Up to the Mongol Conquest, in Esposito, John Louis ((ed), The Oxford History of Islam OUP 1999).
George Khoukaz, ‘Sharia Law and International Commercial Arbitration: The Need for an Intra-Islamic Arbitral Institution,’ (2017) Journal of Dispute Resolution, University of Missouri.
Gerson, Jacob E and Posner, Eric., ‘Soft Law Lessons From Congressional Practice’ (2008) 61/3, Stanford Law Review.
Guzman, Andrew and Mayer, Timothy, ‘International Soft Law’ ((2010)2/1, Journal of Legal Analyses.
Jassim Mohammed Al-Obaidli, Arbitration Law in Qatar, the way forward, (PhD thesis, Robert Gordon University 2016).
John Louis Esposito, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (OUP2003).
Kristin T. Roy, ‘The New York Convention and Saudi Arabia: Can a Country Use the Public Policy Defense to Refuse Enforcement of Non-Domestic Arbitral Awards?’ (1999) 18/3, Fordham International Law Journal.
M. H. Kamali, ‘Principles of Islamic jurisprudence’ (Rev. ed. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1991).
Ma, Winnie Jo-Mei, 'Pubic Policy in the Judicial Enforcement of Arbitral Awards: Lessons for and from Australia, (Ph.D. Thesis, Bond University, 2005). Published electronically at: http://epublications.bond.edu.au/.
Makdisi, John, Islamic Law bibliography, Law Library Journal, (1986)78.
Mistelis, Loucas, “keeping the unruly horse in control or Public Policy as a Bar to Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award’, (International Law Association, Conference, Committee of international Commercial Arbitration, London, 2000).
Mohamed Abul-Enein, ‘Liberal Trends in Islamic Law (Sharia) on Peaceful Settlement of Disputes’ (2000) 1/2, Journal of Arab Arbitration.
Mohamed Al Jarbra, Commercial Arbitration in Islamic Jurisprudence, A study of its role in the Saudi Arabian Context, (PhD thesis, Aberystwyth University 2001).
Mohamed Al-Issa, A critical Analyses with the legal problems associated with recognition and enforcement of Arbitral Awards in Saudi Arabia: Will the New Saudi Arbitration Law (2012) resolve the Main Legal Problems?’, (PhD thesis, University of Essex, 2016).
Mohamed Al-Zohalili, ‘Legal and Shari Arbitration in the Present,’ (2011) 27/3, Damascus Journal of Legal and Economic Sciences.
Mohamed Saud Al-Enazi, Grounds for Refusal of Enforcement of Foreign Commercial Arbitral Awards in GCC States Law, (PhD thesis, Brunel University, 2013).
Mohammad Moltg Al Thabity, Enforceability of Arbitral Awards Containing Interest - A Comparative Study between Sharia Law and Positive Laws, (PhD thesis, University of Stirling 2016).
Mousourakis, George, Comparative Law and Legal Traditions (Springer 2019).
Mutasim Al-Qudah, ‘The Impact of Sharia on the acceptance of international commercial arbitration in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council’ (2017) 20/1, Journal of legal Ethical & Regulatory Issues accessed 13 May 2020.
N.S Al-Shareef, Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award in Saudi Arabia; Grounds for Refusal under Article(V) of the New York Convention 1958, (PhD Thesis, University of Dundee 2000).
Nabil Saleh, ‘Civil Codes of Arab Countries: The Sanhuri Codes’ (1993)8/2, Arab Law Quarterly.
Nabil Saleh, Unlawful Gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law: Riba, Gharar and Islamic Banking (Cambridge University Press1986).
Nasser Al Zaid, Woman as arbitrator ‘A commentary on the decision of the Saudi Administrative Court of Appeal, Case N0.3022/ 1436 Hijri’
Pryles, Michael. and Moser, Michael, Asian Leading Arbitrators Guide to International Arbitration, (Juris Net 2007).
Quraishi, Asifa, Her Honor: An Islamic Critique of the Rape Laws of Pakistan from a Woman-Sensitive Perspective, Michigan Journal of International Law, (1997)18, N.287 accessed 13 May 2020.
Raffa, Mohamed, Arbitration, Women Arbitrators and Sharia, (2013) Law Journal of Nigeria, accessed 13 May 2020
Riad Tarik, ‘Overview of the DIAC Arbitration Rules 2018’, (2017) 2, International Journal of Arab Arbitration.
Richard A. Cole, ‘The Public Policy Exception to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards’ (1986)1/2, Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution.
S. A & Oseni U. A, ‘Appointing a non-Muslim Arbitrator in Tahkim Proceedings: Polemics, Perceptions and Possibilities’ (2014) 5, Malayan Law Journal.
Shahadat Hossain, ‘Arbitration in Islamic Law for the Treatment of Civil and Criminal Cases: An Analytical Overview’ (2013) 1, Journal of Philosophy, Culture and Religion.
Vincent Cornell, Fruit of the Tree of Knowledge: The Relationship Between Faith and Practice in Islam, in Esposito, John Louis ((ed), The Oxford History of Islam OUP 1999).
Wael. B. Hallaq, ‘The Origins and Evaluation of Islamic Law’ (Cambridge University Press 2005).
Walied El-Malik, Mineral Investment Under the Sharia Law (Graham & Tortman, 1993).
Zahid Anwar & Shapiee, Rohimi, ‘Pacta sunt Servanda: Islamic Perception’ (2010)3/2 Journal of East Asia and International Law.
Zamir Iqbal, Islamic Financial Systems, Finance and Development (June 1997) accessed 13 May 2020.
Zayed Al-Qurashi, ‘Arbitration under the Islamic Sharia’ (2004), Transnational Dispute Management
Legislations & Conventions:
UAE Civil Procedures Law No.11/1992
Civil & Commercial Procedures Law in Bahrain- No.12/1971
Civil & Commercial Procedures Law in Qatar- No.13/1992
Civil & Commercial Procedures Law in Oman- No.29/2002, Art (23) of Civil & Commercial Procedures Law in Kuwait- No.38/1980
Law of procedures before Sharia Courts in Saudi Arabia issued by Royal decree No.1 in 22/1/1435 Hijri (25/11/ 2013)
Saudi Constitution 1992
Omani Constitution 1996
UAE Constitution 1971
Kuwaiti Constitution 1962
Bahraini Constitution 2002
Qatari Constitution 2004
Omani Commercial Code No.55/1990
UAE Civil Code-No. 5/1985
Bahraini Civil Code – No. 19/2001
Omani Civil Code – No. 29/2013
Kuwaiti Civil Code No. 67/1980
Qatari Civil Code No. 22/2004
Bahraini Civil Code – No. 19/2001
Egyptian Civil Code- No. 131/1948
Syrian Civil Code- No. 84/1949
Jordanian Civil Code No. 43/1976
Omani Judicial Authority Act-No. 90/1999
Federal Judicial Authority Act of UAE No. 3/1983
Kuwaiti Judicial Authority Act No. 23/1990
Bahraini Judicial Authority Act No. 22/2002
Qatari Judicial Authority Act No. 10/2003
Saudi Judicial Authority Act, Royal Decree No. 78/ 2007
Egyptian Judicial Authority Act No. 46/1972
Saudi Order of the Commercial Court, Royal Decree No. 32/1931
Royal Decree No. (26) of 2018 Establishing the Commercial Arbitration Centre in Oman
Convention of the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards 1958
Convention of the settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States
Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Drafted by the UN Commission on Human Rights 1948
Cases:
Harris Adacom Corp v. Perkom Sdn Bhd [1994] 3 MLJ 504
Jivraj (Appellant) v Hashwani (Respondent) [2011] UKSC 40
UAE Court of Cassation, No. 150/ 2014
Decision of Egyptian High Constitutional Court, case No. 47 issued on 21/12/1985
Decisions of the UAE Federal Court issued on 6/9/1983 and 25/10/1983
Decision of the Saudi Administrative Court of Appeal in Dammam on May 10, 2016
Websites:
https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/modellaw/commercial_arbitration
www.britannica.com/topic/fiqh
www.pewforum.org
http://epublications.bond.edu.au/
https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2010-0170-judgment.pdf
https://www.arbitrationkw.com/
https://www.tamimi.com/law-update-articles/commercial-civil-disputes-may-not-settled-arbitration-uae/
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/ar/sa/sa050ar.pdf
Abu Amina Bilal Philips, The evaluation of Fiqh (The international Islamic publishing House, 1988).
Adnrey Ryabinin, Procedural Public Policy: in Regard to the Enforcement and Recognition of Foreign Arbitral Awards, (LLM short thesis, Central European University, Budapest, 2009)
Ahmed Al-Mutawa, Challenges to the enforcement of arbitral awards in the states of Gulf Cooperation Council, (PhD Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2014).
Ahmed Mahmoud Shawky, Report about the approach of the UAE Federal Court in the matter of banking interest rates, (14th Conference of College of Law and Sharia, Islamic Financial Institutions, UAE University, May 2005).
Al-Amidi Abou Al-Hassan Said Al-Din, Al Ehkam fi Usul Al Ahkam, vol.4 (the Islamic Office Publisher Beirut, 1981).
Ali Ashgar, The State in Islam: Nature and the Scope (Hope India Publications, 2006).
Al-Ramahi, Aseel, Sulh, A Crucial Part of Islamic Arbitration, working paper
Amel Abdallah, Arbitration in Oman, in Gordon Blank(ed), Arbitration in MENA, (Juris 2016).
Bell (John), ‘English law & French Law- Not so Different’ (1995) 48, Current Legal Problems.
Born. G., International Arbitration: Law and Practice (The Netherlands 2012).
Bryan Druzin, ‘Why does soft law have any power, anyway?’(2017)7, Asian Journal of International Law.
Dar Wasiq Abass, ‘Understanding Public Policy as an Exception to the Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards -A South-Asian Perspective’ (2015) 2, European Journal of Comparative Law and Governance.
El-Ahdab, Abdul Hamid & El-Ahdab, Jalal, Arbitration with the Arab Countries, (Wolters Kluwer 2011).
Faisal Kutty, ‘The Shari'a Factor in International Commercial Arbitration’ (2006) 28, Loyola of Los Angeles International & Comparative Law Review.
Fatima Akaddaf, ‘Application of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) to Arab Islamic Countries: Is the CISG Compatible with Islamic Law Principles?’ (2001) 13/1, Pace International Law Review.
Fred, M. Donner, Muhammad and the Caliphate: Political History of the Islamic Empire Up to the Mongol Conquest, in Esposito, John Louis ((ed), The Oxford History of Islam OUP 1999).
George Khoukaz, ‘Sharia Law and International Commercial Arbitration: The Need for an Intra-Islamic Arbitral Institution,’ (2017) Journal of Dispute Resolution, University of Missouri.
Gerson, Jacob E and Posner, Eric., ‘Soft Law Lessons From Congressional Practice’ (2008) 61/3, Stanford Law Review.
Guzman, Andrew and Mayer, Timothy, ‘International Soft Law’ ((2010)2/1, Journal of Legal Analyses.
Jassim Mohammed Al-Obaidli, Arbitration Law in Qatar, the way forward, (PhD thesis, Robert Gordon University 2016).
John Louis Esposito, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam (OUP2003).
Kristin T. Roy, ‘The New York Convention and Saudi Arabia: Can a Country Use the Public Policy Defense to Refuse Enforcement of Non-Domestic Arbitral Awards?’ (1999) 18/3, Fordham International Law Journal.
M. H. Kamali, ‘Principles of Islamic jurisprudence’ (Rev. ed. Cambridge: Islamic Texts Society, 1991).
Ma, Winnie Jo-Mei, 'Pubic Policy in the Judicial Enforcement of Arbitral Awards: Lessons for and from Australia, (Ph.D. Thesis, Bond University, 2005). Published electronically at: http://epublications.bond.edu.au/.
Makdisi, John, Islamic Law bibliography, Law Library Journal, (1986)78.
Mistelis, Loucas, “keeping the unruly horse in control or Public Policy as a Bar to Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award’, (International Law Association, Conference, Committee of international Commercial Arbitration, London, 2000).
Mohamed Abul-Enein, ‘Liberal Trends in Islamic Law (Sharia) on Peaceful Settlement of Disputes’ (2000) 1/2, Journal of Arab Arbitration.
Mohamed Al Jarbra, Commercial Arbitration in Islamic Jurisprudence, A study of its role in the Saudi Arabian Context, (PhD thesis, Aberystwyth University 2001).
Mohamed Al-Issa, A critical Analyses with the legal problems associated with recognition and enforcement of Arbitral Awards in Saudi Arabia: Will the New Saudi Arbitration Law (2012) resolve the Main Legal Problems?’, (PhD thesis, University of Essex, 2016).
Mohamed Al-Zohalili, ‘Legal and Shari Arbitration in the Present,’ (2011) 27/3, Damascus Journal of Legal and Economic Sciences.
Mohamed Saud Al-Enazi, Grounds for Refusal of Enforcement of Foreign Commercial Arbitral Awards in GCC States Law, (PhD thesis, Brunel University, 2013).
Mohammad Moltg Al Thabity, Enforceability of Arbitral Awards Containing Interest - A Comparative Study between Sharia Law and Positive Laws, (PhD thesis, University of Stirling 2016).
Mousourakis, George, Comparative Law and Legal Traditions (Springer 2019).
Mutasim Al-Qudah, ‘The Impact of Sharia on the acceptance of international commercial arbitration in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council’ (2017) 20/1, Journal of legal Ethical & Regulatory Issues
N.S Al-Shareef, Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award in Saudi Arabia; Grounds for Refusal under Article(V) of the New York Convention 1958, (PhD Thesis, University of Dundee 2000).
Nabil Saleh, ‘Civil Codes of Arab Countries: The Sanhuri Codes’ (1993)8/2, Arab Law Quarterly.
Nabil Saleh, Unlawful Gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law: Riba, Gharar and Islamic Banking (Cambridge University Press1986).
Nasser Al Zaid, Woman as arbitrator ‘A commentary on the decision of the Saudi Administrative Court of Appeal, Case N0.3022/ 1436 Hijri’
Pryles, Michael. and Moser, Michael, Asian Leading Arbitrators Guide to International Arbitration, (Juris Net 2007).
Quraishi, Asifa, Her Honor: An Islamic Critique of the Rape Laws of Pakistan from a Woman-Sensitive Perspective, Michigan Journal of International Law, (1997)18, N.287
Raffa, Mohamed, Arbitration, Women Arbitrators and Sharia, (2013) Law Journal of Nigeria,
Riad Tarik, ‘Overview of the DIAC Arbitration Rules 2018’, (2017) 2, International Journal of Arab Arbitration.
Richard A. Cole, ‘The Public Policy Exception to the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards’ (1986)1/2, Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution.
S. A & Oseni U. A, ‘Appointing a non-Muslim Arbitrator in Tahkim Proceedings: Polemics, Perceptions and Possibilities’ (2014) 5, Malayan Law Journal.
Shahadat Hossain, ‘Arbitration in Islamic Law for the Treatment of Civil and Criminal Cases: An Analytical Overview’ (2013) 1, Journal of Philosophy, Culture and Religion.
Vincent Cornell, Fruit of the Tree of Knowledge: The Relationship Between Faith and Practice in Islam, in Esposito, John Louis ((ed), The Oxford History of Islam OUP 1999).
Wael. B. Hallaq, ‘The Origins and Evaluation of Islamic Law’ (Cambridge University Press 2005).
Walied El-Malik, Mineral Investment Under the Sharia Law (Graham & Tortman, 1993).
Zahid Anwar & Shapiee, Rohimi, ‘Pacta sunt Servanda: Islamic Perception’ (2010)3/2 Journal of East Asia and International Law.
Zamir Iqbal, Islamic Financial Systems, Finance and Development (June 1997)
Zayed Al-Qurashi, ‘Arbitration under the Islamic Sharia’ (2004), Transnational Dispute Management
Legislations & Conventions:
UAE Civil Procedures Law No.11/1992
Civil & Commercial Procedures Law in Bahrain- No.12/1971
Civil & Commercial Procedures Law in Qatar- No.13/1992
Civil & Commercial Procedures Law in Oman- No.29/2002, Art (23) of Civil & Commercial Procedures Law in Kuwait- No.38/1980
Law of procedures before Sharia Courts in Saudi Arabia issued by Royal decree No.1 in 22/1/1435 Hijri (25/11/ 2013)
Saudi Constitution 1992
Omani Constitution 1996
UAE Constitution 1971
Kuwaiti Constitution 1962
Bahraini Constitution 2002
Qatari Constitution 2004
Omani Commercial Code No.55/1990
UAE Civil Code-No. 5/1985
Bahraini Civil Code – No. 19/2001
Omani Civil Code – No. 29/2013
Kuwaiti Civil Code No. 67/1980
Qatari Civil Code No. 22/2004
Bahraini Civil Code – No. 19/2001
Egyptian Civil Code- No. 131/1948
Syrian Civil Code- No. 84/1949
Jordanian Civil Code No. 43/1976
Omani Judicial Authority Act-No. 90/1999
Federal Judicial Authority Act of UAE No. 3/1983
Kuwaiti Judicial Authority Act No. 23/1990
Bahraini Judicial Authority Act No. 22/2002
Qatari Judicial Authority Act No. 10/2003
Saudi Judicial Authority Act, Royal Decree No. 78/ 2007
Egyptian Judicial Authority Act No. 46/1972
Saudi Order of the Commercial Court, Royal Decree No. 32/1931
Royal Decree No. (26) of 2018 Establishing the Commercial Arbitration Centre in Oman
Convention of the Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards 1958
Convention of the settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States
Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Drafted by the UN Commission on Human Rights 1948
Cases:
Harris Adacom Corp v. Perkom Sdn Bhd [1994] 3 MLJ 504
Jivraj (Appellant) v Hashwani (Respondent) [2011] UKSC 40
UAE Court of Cassation, No. 150/ 2014
Decision of Egyptian High Constitutional Court, case No. 47 issued on 21/12/1985
Decisions of the UAE Federal Court issued on 6/9/1983 and 25/10/1983
Decision of the Saudi Administrative Court of Appeal in Dammam on May 10, 2016
Websites:
https://uncitral.un.org/en/texts/arbitration/modellaw/commercial_arbitration
www.britannica.com/topic/fiqh
www.pewforum.org
http://epublications.bond.edu.au/
https://www.supremecourt.uk/cases/docs/uksc-2010-0170-judgment.pdf
https://www.arbitrationkw.com/
https://www.tamimi.com/law-update-articles/commercial-civil-disputes-may-not-settled-arbitration-uae/
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/ar/sa/sa050ar.pdf
كيفية الاقتباس
عبد الله آ. ك. (2021). الشريعة الإسلامية والتحكيم في دول الخليج العربي – الطريق مفتوح. المجلة الدولية للقانون, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2020.0114
القسم
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