Individual Differences in Alexithymia and Facial Emotion Processing
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Jun 20, 2022
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Abstract
Faces are one of the basic systems through which the emotions of other people can be recognized. Indeed, different emotions (e.g., happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust) have distinct facial expressions. Therefore, facial emotion recognition is an essential skill for social communication. However, some individuals suffer from alexithymia; that is, the inability to recognise or produce facial emotions. This study aimed to examine individual differences in alexithymia and facial emotion processing among a sample of university students (N = 162). The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale along with three facial emotion-processing tasks that assess recognition, perception, and memory, were utilized. Gender differences in alexithymia were found, as females had higher levels of alexithymia than males. In contrast, no gender difference was noticed for facial emotion-processing tasks. In addition, there were positive correlations between alexithymia and facial emotion processing. Accordingly, the failure of individuals with alexithymia to recognise their own emotions and the emotions of others might be related to the impairment of the ability to process facial emotions in the first place. Therefore, improving facial emotion recognition skills in individuals with alexithymia might ameliorate their ability to recognize emotions.
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Keywords
AlexithymiaFacial emotion processingIndividual differencesGender differences
References
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• Alexithymia and the automatic processing of affective information: Evidence from the affective priming paradigm. Cognition and Emotion, 20(1), 64-91.
• Ālsyd, A. (2012). Impulsivity, Alexithymia and Psychological distress for a sample of Alarish Ed-ucation Faculty students (in Arabic). Ālmgalh ālmṣryh lldrāsāt ālnfsyh, 22(76), 47-108.
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• Bagby, R. M., Parker, J.D.A., & Taylor, G.J. (1994). The Twenty-Item Toronto Alexirthymia Scale: Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Re-search, 38(1), 23-32.
• Borhani, K., Borgomaneri, S., Làdavas, E., & Bertini, C. (2016). The effect of Alexithymia on ear-ly visual processing of emotional body postures. Biol. Psychol. 115, 1-8.
• Chan, V. (2009). The perception and recognition of emotions and facial expressions. Journal of Undergraduate Life Sciences, 17, 70-75.
• Collin, W. & Alexandra, B. (2008). Machiavellianism: An Alexithymia perspective. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 22(6), 730-744.
• Dāwd, N. (2016). The relationship between Alexithymia and parental styles, socioeconomic status, family size, and gender (in Arabic). Ālmǧallh ālārdnyh fy ālʿlwm āltrbwyh, 12(4), 425-434.
• De Gelder, B., Vroomen, J., & Der Heid, L. (1991). Face recognition and lip-reading in Autism. Cognitive Psychology, 3(1), 69-86.
• Derntl, B., Seidel, E., Kainz, E., & Carbon, E. (2009). Recognition of emotional expression is af-fected by inversion and presentation time. Perception, 38, 1849-1862.
• Donges, U., Kersting, A., &Suslow, T. (2013). Alexithymia and perception of emotional infor-mation: A review of experimental psychological findings. Univ. Psychol, 13(2), 745-756.
• Ekman, P. (1994). Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: A reply to Russell’s mis-taken critique. Psychological Bulletin, 115(2), 268–287.
• Ekman, P. (2003). Darwin, deception and facial expression. New York, Academy of Sciences, 205-221.
• Ekman, P., Young, A., England, A., Calder, A., & Sprengelmeyer, R. (2oo2). Facial expressions of emotions: Stimuli and tests (FEEST). Psychology Manuel, 10, 1-109.
• Farroni, T., Rigato, S., & Johnson, M. (2007). The perception of facial expression in newborns. Developmental Psychology, 4(1), 2-13.
• Frdws, A. (2003). Personality characteristics and their relationship to psychosomatic diseases in a sample of Alexithymia (in Arabic). Risālat majistir, kolyh āltrbyh, ǧāmʿh bnhā.
• Gomʿh, N. (2013). Alexithymia as predictor of oppositional defiant disorder by primary stage pu-pils with learning difficulties (in Arabic). Rābṭh āltrbwyyn ālʿrb, 41(4), 151-200.
• Grynberg, D., Chang, B., Olivier, C., Maurage, P., Vermeulen, N., Berthoz, S., & Luminet, O. (2012). Alexithymia and the processing of emotional facial expressions (EFEs). Systematic re-view. Psychology, 7(8), 1-20.
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• Hody, M. (2009). Alexithymia and its relationship to anxiety in a sample of blind adolescents. (in Arabic). Magallat drāsāt ālṭfwlh, ǧāmʿt ʿyn shams.
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• Jongen, S., Axmacher, N., Kremers, N. A. W., Hoffmann, H., Ecklundt, K. L., Traue, H. C., & Kessler, H. (2014). An investigation of facial emotion recognition impairments in Alexithymia and its neural correlates. Behavioral Brain Research, 27, 129-139.
• Julie, D., Luise, H., John, R., Georgia, T., & Fiona S. (2006). Cognitive and Psychological corre-lates of Alexithymia following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychological, 44, 62-72.
• Kanwisher, N., & Moscovitch, M. (2000). The cognitive neurosciences of face processing: An in-troduction. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17 (1/2/3), 1-11.
• Kokje, E., Bindemann, M., & Megreya, A. M. (2018). Cross-race correlations in the abilities to match unfamiliar faces. Acta Psychologica, 185, 13-21.
• Lane, R. D., Lee, S., Reidel, R., Weldon, V. B., Kaszniak, A., & Schwartz, G. E. (1996). Impaired verbal and nonverbal emotion recognition in Alexithymia. Psychosom. Med. 58, 203-210.
• Larsena, J. K., Branda, N., Bermond, B., & Hijmanc, R. (2003). Cognitive and emotional charac-teristics of Alexithymia: A review of neurobiological studies. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54, 533-541.
• Martinez, A., & Du,S. (2012). A model of the perception of faces expression of emotion by hu-mans: Research Overview and Perspectives. Machine Learning Research, 13, 1589-1608.
• Martinez-Sanchez, F., Fernández-Abascal, E. G., & Sánchez-Pérez, N. (2017). Recognition of emotional facial expressions in Alexithymia. Studia Psychologica, 59(3), 206-216.
• Megreya, A. M. & Bindemann, M. (2017). Culture shapes face identification: Comparisons of Egypt and UK. In A. M. Megreya & M. Bindemann (Eds), Face processing: Systems, disorders, and cultural differences. New York: NOVA Science Publishers, Inc.
• –––. (2018). Feature instructions improve face-matching accuracy. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0193455.
• Megreya, A. M. (2010). I know this face but I can’t remember its name: A critical review of func-tional models for familiar face recognition (in Arabic), magallat ʿālm ālfkr, 39, ālmǧls ālwṭny llṯqāf wālfnwn wālādāb ālkwyt.
• –––. (2013). Turning face upside: The Effect and interpretation (in Arabic). Magallat ʿālm ālfmr, 42, 295_324.
• Megreya, A. M., Memon, A., & Havard, C. (2012). The headscarf effect: Direct evidence from eyewitness identification paradigm. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26, 308-315.
• Megreya, A. M., White, D., & Burton, A. M (2011). The other race effect does not rely on memory: Evidence from a matching task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64, 1473-1483.
• Mendolia, M. (2007). Explicit use of categorical and dimensional strategies to decode facial ex-pressions of emotion. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 31(1), 57-76.
• Montebarocci, O., Surcinelli, P., Rossi, N., & Baldaro, B. (2010). Alexithymia, verbal ability and emotion recognition. Psychiatr, 82, 245-252.
• Muḥammad, A. (2006). Relationship between Alexithymia and parental attachment in adults (in Arabic). Magallat kolyat āltrbyh, ǧāmʿh ālzqāzyq, 54, 193-244.
• Muḥammad, M. (2011). Alexithymia in relation to rioting behavior in a sample of different educa-tional stages (in Arabic). rsālt duktzrāh, kolyt āltrbyh, ǧāmʿt ālfywn.
• Musṭafa, M. (2017). Emotion regulation and its relationship with Alexithymia in a sample of uni-versity students: Psychometric-Clinical study (in Arabic). Rābṭh āltrbwyyn ālʿrb, 82, 143-212.
• Nihād, A. (2017). The relationship between perception of parental rejection and behavioral prob-lems in children (in Arabic), Risālat majistir, kolyh ālآdāb, ǧāmʿh ḥlwān.
• Pandy, R. & Dubey, A. (2003). Mental health problems in Alexithymia: Role of positive and nega-tive emotional experiences.
• Parker, J.D.A., Taylor, G.I., & Bagby, R.M. (2014). Alexithymia and recognition of facial expres-sion of emotion. PsychotherPsycosom, 59, 197-202.
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How to Cite
Omara, Nermeen H., and Ahmed M. Megreya. 2022. “Individual Differences in Alexithymia and Facial Emotion Processing”. Journal of Educational Sciences – Qatar University 19 (19):8-27. https://doi.org/10.29117/jes.2022.0072.
Section
Articles in Arabic