Legal Implications of Re-Use of Decommissioned Petroleum Infrastructure for Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage Projects
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May 12, 2026
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Eduardo G. Pereira
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9293-7049
Cristina Rodrigues
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6985
Margarita Nieves Zárate
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3262-1544
Thomas Muinzer
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4829-0804
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9293-7049
Cristina Rodrigues
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7616-6985
Margarita Nieves Zárate
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3262-1544
Thomas Muinzer
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4829-0804
Abstract
The repurposing of decommissioned petroleum infrastructure for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects raises substantial legal and regulatory challenges. This article examines the legal implications of repurposing such infrastructure, highlighting key regulatory gaps, environmental factors, and potential liability issues. The main goal of this study is to assess the feasibility and policy frameworks governing CCUS deployment, and to identify best practices to facilitate legal and operational transitions. This study adopts a qualitative approach, analyzing legislative frameworks, case studies, and policy documents from jurisdictions actively engaged in CCUS initiatives. The findings suggest that repurposing petroleum infrastructure for CCUS could support decarbonization efforts. However, notable regulatory challenges persist regarding ownership, liability, and long-term monitoring responsibilities. To encourage investment in CCUS projects, the paper advises harmonizing regulatory frameworks, introducing financial incentives, and establishing clearer criteria for environmental responsibilities. This study contributes to the broader energy transition debate by offering legal and policy recommendations that could shape future regulatory approaches. Its distinct contribution lies in bridging the gap between legal academia and industry practice, facilitating a smoother transition to sustainable energy solutions.
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Keywords
Carbon capture and storageDecommissioned petroleum infrastructureEnergy lawRegulatory frameworkSustainability
References
I. Books
Eduardo G. Pereira, Alexandra Wawryk, Catherine Banet, Heike Trischmann, Keith Hall (eds.), Regulation of Decommissioning, Abandonment and Re-Use Initiatives in the Oil and Gas Industry: From Obligation to Opportunities (Kluwer International Law 2020).
Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui, Madeline Taylor, Eduardo G. Pereira, Eddy Wifa, Offshore Energy Law: Challenges and Opportunities for Hydrocarbons and Renewables at Sea (Hart, 2025).
Ngozi C Ole, Opeyemi Y Omotuyi, Eti B Herbert and Dickson E Omukoro, ‘Environmental Laws and Enforcement: Prospects and Challenges’ in Ronnie Frazer-Williams, Mary B Ogundiran and Emmanuel I Unuabonah (eds), Environmental Pollution and Public Health: Case Studies on Air, Water and Soil from an Interdisciplinary Perspective (Elsevier 2024).
Damilola Olawuyi, ‘From Energy Consumers to Energy Citizens: Legal Dimensions of Energy Citizenship’ in K Hunter and others (eds), Sustainable Energy Democracy and the Law (Brill 2021).
II. Articles
Akbari, Ali and others, ‘Characteristics, Emissions, Capture, Storage, and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide: A Comprehensive Review of Challenges and Technologies for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation’ (2025) Petroleum Research https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.07.001 accessed 27 July 2025.
Alli, Yakubu Adekunle and others, ‘Transforming Waste to Wealth: Harnessing Carbon Dioxide for Sustainable Solutions’ (2024) 17 Results in Surfaces and Interfaces 100321 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsurfi.2024.100321 accessed 27 July 2025.
Anderson, Owen L, ‘Carbon Sequestration: A Fresh Look at an Essential Tool in the War on Climate Change’ (2023) 21(3) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Bala, Ritu and others, ‘A Sociotechnical Review of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Technologies for Industrial Decarbonization: Current Challenges, Emerging Solutions, and Future Directions’ (2025) International Journal of Chemical Engineering https://doi.org/10.1155/ijce/7195300 accessed 12 September 2025.
Butz, Heiko and Matthias Mrożewski, ‘The Selection Process and Criteria of Impact Accelerators: An Exploratory Study’ (2021) 13 Sustainability 6617 https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126617.
Dados, N and R Connell, ‘The Global South’ (2012) 33(1) Contexts 12.
Dickens, Josh and Buford B Pollett, ‘Carbon Dioxide Transport and Sequestration in the Submerged Lands of the United States Gulf of Mexico Region’ (2023) 21(3) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Edwards, Ryan WJ and Michael A Celia, ‘Infrastructure to Enable Deployment of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage in the United States’ (2018) 115(38) PNAS E8815 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806504115 accessed 5 May 2025.
Hardin, Garret, ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ (1968) 162 Science 1243.
Komugisa, Juliet and Ngozi C Ole, ‘Ugandan Legal Framework on Decommissioning Fund: Is there an Achilles Heel, and can Lessons from the UK Help?’ (2018) 16(2) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Lewis, Madeleine J, ‘The Space Between US: Transboundary Challenges of Geologic Carbon Storage in Interstate and Federal Pore Space’ (2023) 21(3) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Li, Yubing and others, ‘Direct Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Liquid Fuels and Chemicals by Coupling Green Hydrogen at High Temperature’ (2023) 324 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 122299 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.122299 accessed 5 April 2024.
Litynski, John and others, ‘U.S. DOE’s R&D Program to Develop Infrastructure for Carbon Storage: Overview of the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships and Other R&D Field Projects’ (2013) 37 Energy Procedia 6527.
Martin-Roberts, E and others, ‘Carbon Capture and Storage at the End of a Lost Decade’ (2021) 4 One Earth 1569.
McLaughlin, Hope and others, ‘Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage in Review: Sociotechnical Implications for a Carbon Reliant World’ (2023) 177 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 113215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113215 accessed 27 July 2025.
Nooraiepour, Mohammad, Pawel Gladysz and Eirik Melaaen, ‘Norwegian–Polish Carbon Capture and Storage Network: Bilateral Collaboration for European Climate Action’ (2025) 126 Energy Research & Social Science 104106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104106 accessed 12 September 2025.
Ojiako, Ogbo and others, ‘Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Nigeria: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities’ (2024) 5 British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies 1.
Olawuyi, Damilola, ‘From Technology Transfer to Technology Absorption: Addressing Climate Technology Gaps in Africa’ (2018) 36(1) Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 61.
Ombudstvedt, Ingvild, Lena W Østgaard and Priya Prasad, ‘Playing Nice in the Sandbox: How Coordination and Cooperation with International Neighbors Can Fuel Domestic and Global Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage’ (2023) 21(3) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Onuh, Peter and others, ‘Challenges and Opportunities in Nigeria's Renewable Energy Policy and Legislation’ (2024) 23 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 2354 https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2391.
Pereira, Eduardo G and others, ‘Advancing Sustainability through Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Technologies: The Hydrogel Case Study’ (2023) 14(1) The Journal of Sustainable Development, Law and Policy 218.
Rueda, Pablo and Sofía Polesello, ‘Carbon Capture Storage and Use: Argentina’s Opportunity is Pending New Regulation’ (2023) 21(3) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Rutherford, Angelica, ‘The Application of the Environment Act 2021 Principles to Carbon Capture and Storage’ (2022) 11(15) Laws 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11010015 accessed 6 April 2024.
Vishal, Vikram and others, ‘Understanding Initial Opportunities and Key Challenges for CCUS Deployment in India at Scale’ (2021) 175 Resources, Conservation and Recycling 105829.
III. Websites
Equinor, Statfjord A Decommissioning Plan – Impact Assessment (2018, in Norwegian) https://cdn.equinor.com/files/h61q9gi9/global/d0ba856fd706712b2a03723f1a9fc17116cc62c2.pdf accessed 27 July 2025.
Gassnova, ‘The Longship CCS Project’ (2023) https://ccsnorway.com/the-project/ accessed 9 April 2023.
Global CCS Institute, ‘Carbon Capture and Storage Experiencing Record Growth as Countries Strive to Meet Global Climate Goals’ (2022) https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/news-media/press-room/media-releases/carbon-capture-and-storage-experiencing-record-growth-as-countries-strive-to-meet-global-climate-goals/ accessed 4 May 2025.
‘Innovation Fund’ (European Commission, undated) https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-funding-climate-action/innovation-fund_en accessed 27 July 2025.
International Energy Agency (IEA), ‘Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage – Energy System’ (IEA, undated) https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage accessed 26 March 2025.
International Energy Agency, ‘CCUS Technology Innovation’ https://www.iea.org/reports/ccus-in-clean-energy-transitions/ccus-technology-innovation accessed 27 July 2025.
London School of Economics, ‘What is Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (CCUS) and what Role can it Play in Tackling Climate Change?’ (2023) https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-carbon-capture-and-storage-and-what-role-can-it-play-in-tackling-climate-change/ accessed 26 March 2024.
Neary, Ashling, ‘CCUS Industry Insights Provide a Foundation for Future Projects’ (Independent Project Analysis, 2023) https://www.ipaglobal.com/news/article/ccus-industry-insights-provide-a-foundation-for-future-projects/ accessed 27 March 2025.
North Sea Transition Authority, ‘New Tool to Maximise Infrastructure Repurposing’ (21 June 2022) https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/news-publications/new-tool-to-maximise-infrastructure-repurposing/ accessed 12 September 2025.
North Sea Transition Authority, Screening Tool for Decommissioning and Repurposing https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/Regulatory-Information/decommissioning-and-repurposing/repurposing/ accessed 12 September 2025.
Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Cessation and Decommissioning https://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/developments-and-operations/cessation-and-decommissioning/ accessed 27 July 2025.
Statista, ‘Number of Commercial Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Facilities Worldwide as of 2024, by Status’ (2024) https://www.statista.com/statistics/726624/large-scale-carbon-capture-and-storage-projects-worldwide-by-status/ accessed 26 March 2024.
Tarufelli, Brittany, ‘Overlooked Opportunity: Incentivizing Carbon Capture through Carbon Tax Revenue’ (LSU, 2020) chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.lsu.edu/ces/publications/2020/overlooked-opportunity-incentivising-carbon-capture-2020-df-web.pdf accessed 12 September 2025.
Tiseo, Ian, ‘Number and Status of Commercial CCS Facilities Worldwide 2024, by Region’ (2024) https://www.statista.com/statistics/1308723/worldwide-ccs-facilities-by-region/ accessed 26 March 2024.
VIII. Other Sources
Adewale, Taiwo, ‘Financing of CCUS Projects in Nigeria Through the Voluntary Carbon Market’ (SSRN, 2023) https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4422136 accessed 28 March 2024.
The Economist Group, Zeroing in: Fostering Innovative Technologies for a Net-zero Future (2021) https://assets.ctfassets.net/bxxzjfpinfqw/.../Economist_Impact_Invesco_Designed_report_01112021_disclosure_v2__1_.pdf accessed 5 May 2025.
Gassnova, Regulatory Lessons Learned from Longship: The Public Sector’s Involvement in Europe’s First Industrial CCS Chain (March 2023) https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2022/07/Regulatory-lessons-learned-from-Longship-FINAL-WEB-1.pdf accessed 27 July 2025.
Global CCS Institute, Global Status of CCS 2022 (December 2022) https://status22.globalccsinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Global-Status-of-CCS-2022_Download_1222.pdf accessed 12 September 2025.
Ibe, AP and AS Nwosi-Anele, ‘Framework for Carbon-Capture and Storage (CCS) in Nigeria’ (Paper presented at the SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, Lagos, August 2024) https://doi.org/10.2118/221616-MS
INNO-CCUS, Denmark: State of CCUS Research and Innovation (2nd edn, INNO-CCUS 2025) https://inno-ccus.dk/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/State-of-CCUS-second-edition-online.pdf accessed 27 July 2025.
International Energy Agency, Facilitating Nigeria’s Energy Transition through CCUS Development (2021) https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/a196066a-3225-42ab-b341-d432452058f0/IEAOVP_NigerianCCUS_Event_Summary_Final.pdf accessed 27 March 2025.
International Energy Agency, Putting CO₂ to Use: Creating Value from Carbon Capture and Storage (IEA 2019) https://www.iea.org/reports/putting-CO₂-to-use accessed 27 July 2025.
International Monetary Fund, Reaching Net Zero Emissions (G20 Background Note, June 2021) https://www.imf.org/external/np/g20/pdf/2021/062221.pdf accessed 12 September 2025.
Jones, Angela C and Donald J Marples, The Section 45Q Tax Credit for Carbon Sequestration (CRS In Focus IF11455, 25 August 2023) https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF11455 accessed 12 September 2025.
Kulichenko, Natalia and Eleanor Ereira, Carbon Capture and Storage in Developing Countries: A Perspective on Barriers to Deployment (World Bank, Energy and Mining Sector Board Discussion Paper No 25, June 2011) https://ppp.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/Carbon%20Capture%20and%20Storage%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20A%20Perspective%20on%20Barriers%20to%20Deployment.pdf accessed 27 July 2025.
McKenzie, Janetta and Scott MacDougall, Comparing Canadian and American Financial Incentives for CCUS in the Oil Sector (Pembina Institute, 2023) https://climateinstitute.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/comparing-canadian-and-american-incentives-ccus-oil-sector.pdf accessed 5 May 2025.
Mikunda, Tom, CCUS Projects Network Outputs and Deliverables (2025) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5672ab009cadb60e553e3529/t/69a594866f77231f1927da65/1772459142916/REX-CO2-D1.7+Final+Report_PUblic_v2022.10.14.pdf accessed 6 April 2025.
Rex-CO₂, Re-use Assessment of a Potential CO₂ Storage Site in the Netherlands (Porthos) (2021https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5901/cmselect/cmscotaf/459/report.html accessed 9 April 2025.
Scottish Affairs Committee, The Future of Oil and Gas in Scotland (House of Commons, 2022) HC 776 https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5901/cmselect/cmscotaf/459/report.html accessed 27 July 2025.
UK Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, The Carbon Capture and Storage Infrastructure Fund: An Update on the Design of the CCS Infrastructure Fund (2021) https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/609427c08fa8f548b0a95f01/ccs-infrastructure-fund-cif-design.pdf accessed 6 April 2024.
Eduardo G. Pereira, Alexandra Wawryk, Catherine Banet, Heike Trischmann, Keith Hall (eds.), Regulation of Decommissioning, Abandonment and Re-Use Initiatives in the Oil and Gas Industry: From Obligation to Opportunities (Kluwer International Law 2020).
Ignacio Herrera Anchustegui, Madeline Taylor, Eduardo G. Pereira, Eddy Wifa, Offshore Energy Law: Challenges and Opportunities for Hydrocarbons and Renewables at Sea (Hart, 2025).
Ngozi C Ole, Opeyemi Y Omotuyi, Eti B Herbert and Dickson E Omukoro, ‘Environmental Laws and Enforcement: Prospects and Challenges’ in Ronnie Frazer-Williams, Mary B Ogundiran and Emmanuel I Unuabonah (eds), Environmental Pollution and Public Health: Case Studies on Air, Water and Soil from an Interdisciplinary Perspective (Elsevier 2024).
Damilola Olawuyi, ‘From Energy Consumers to Energy Citizens: Legal Dimensions of Energy Citizenship’ in K Hunter and others (eds), Sustainable Energy Democracy and the Law (Brill 2021).
II. Articles
Akbari, Ali and others, ‘Characteristics, Emissions, Capture, Storage, and Utilization of Carbon Dioxide: A Comprehensive Review of Challenges and Technologies for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation’ (2025) Petroleum Research https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2025.07.001 accessed 27 July 2025.
Alli, Yakubu Adekunle and others, ‘Transforming Waste to Wealth: Harnessing Carbon Dioxide for Sustainable Solutions’ (2024) 17 Results in Surfaces and Interfaces 100321 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsurfi.2024.100321 accessed 27 July 2025.
Anderson, Owen L, ‘Carbon Sequestration: A Fresh Look at an Essential Tool in the War on Climate Change’ (2023) 21(3) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Bala, Ritu and others, ‘A Sociotechnical Review of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Technologies for Industrial Decarbonization: Current Challenges, Emerging Solutions, and Future Directions’ (2025) International Journal of Chemical Engineering https://doi.org/10.1155/ijce/7195300 accessed 12 September 2025.
Butz, Heiko and Matthias Mrożewski, ‘The Selection Process and Criteria of Impact Accelerators: An Exploratory Study’ (2021) 13 Sustainability 6617 https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126617.
Dados, N and R Connell, ‘The Global South’ (2012) 33(1) Contexts 12.
Dickens, Josh and Buford B Pollett, ‘Carbon Dioxide Transport and Sequestration in the Submerged Lands of the United States Gulf of Mexico Region’ (2023) 21(3) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Edwards, Ryan WJ and Michael A Celia, ‘Infrastructure to Enable Deployment of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage in the United States’ (2018) 115(38) PNAS E8815 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806504115 accessed 5 May 2025.
Hardin, Garret, ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ (1968) 162 Science 1243.
Komugisa, Juliet and Ngozi C Ole, ‘Ugandan Legal Framework on Decommissioning Fund: Is there an Achilles Heel, and can Lessons from the UK Help?’ (2018) 16(2) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Lewis, Madeleine J, ‘The Space Between US: Transboundary Challenges of Geologic Carbon Storage in Interstate and Federal Pore Space’ (2023) 21(3) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Li, Yubing and others, ‘Direct Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Liquid Fuels and Chemicals by Coupling Green Hydrogen at High Temperature’ (2023) 324 Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 122299 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.122299 accessed 5 April 2024.
Litynski, John and others, ‘U.S. DOE’s R&D Program to Develop Infrastructure for Carbon Storage: Overview of the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships and Other R&D Field Projects’ (2013) 37 Energy Procedia 6527.
Martin-Roberts, E and others, ‘Carbon Capture and Storage at the End of a Lost Decade’ (2021) 4 One Earth 1569.
McLaughlin, Hope and others, ‘Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage in Review: Sociotechnical Implications for a Carbon Reliant World’ (2023) 177 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 113215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2023.113215 accessed 27 July 2025.
Nooraiepour, Mohammad, Pawel Gladysz and Eirik Melaaen, ‘Norwegian–Polish Carbon Capture and Storage Network: Bilateral Collaboration for European Climate Action’ (2025) 126 Energy Research & Social Science 104106 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2025.104106 accessed 12 September 2025.
Ojiako, Ogbo and others, ‘Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Nigeria: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities’ (2024) 5 British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies 1.
Olawuyi, Damilola, ‘From Technology Transfer to Technology Absorption: Addressing Climate Technology Gaps in Africa’ (2018) 36(1) Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 61.
Ombudstvedt, Ingvild, Lena W Østgaard and Priya Prasad, ‘Playing Nice in the Sandbox: How Coordination and Cooperation with International Neighbors Can Fuel Domestic and Global Deployment of Carbon Capture and Storage’ (2023) 21(3) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Onuh, Peter and others, ‘Challenges and Opportunities in Nigeria's Renewable Energy Policy and Legislation’ (2024) 23 World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 2354 https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.23.2.2391.
Pereira, Eduardo G and others, ‘Advancing Sustainability through Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) Technologies: The Hydrogel Case Study’ (2023) 14(1) The Journal of Sustainable Development, Law and Policy 218.
Rueda, Pablo and Sofía Polesello, ‘Carbon Capture Storage and Use: Argentina’s Opportunity is Pending New Regulation’ (2023) 21(3) Oil, Gas & Energy Law Intelligence 1.
Rutherford, Angelica, ‘The Application of the Environment Act 2021 Principles to Carbon Capture and Storage’ (2022) 11(15) Laws 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/laws11010015 accessed 6 April 2024.
Vishal, Vikram and others, ‘Understanding Initial Opportunities and Key Challenges for CCUS Deployment in India at Scale’ (2021) 175 Resources, Conservation and Recycling 105829.
III. Websites
Equinor, Statfjord A Decommissioning Plan – Impact Assessment (2018, in Norwegian) https://cdn.equinor.com/files/h61q9gi9/global/d0ba856fd706712b2a03723f1a9fc17116cc62c2.pdf accessed 27 July 2025.
Gassnova, ‘The Longship CCS Project’ (2023) https://ccsnorway.com/the-project/ accessed 9 April 2023.
Global CCS Institute, ‘Carbon Capture and Storage Experiencing Record Growth as Countries Strive to Meet Global Climate Goals’ (2022) https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/news-media/press-room/media-releases/carbon-capture-and-storage-experiencing-record-growth-as-countries-strive-to-meet-global-climate-goals/ accessed 4 May 2025.
‘Innovation Fund’ (European Commission, undated) https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/eu-funding-climate-action/innovation-fund_en accessed 27 July 2025.
International Energy Agency (IEA), ‘Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage – Energy System’ (IEA, undated) https://www.iea.org/energy-system/carbon-capture-utilisation-and-storage accessed 26 March 2025.
International Energy Agency, ‘CCUS Technology Innovation’ https://www.iea.org/reports/ccus-in-clean-energy-transitions/ccus-technology-innovation accessed 27 July 2025.
London School of Economics, ‘What is Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (CCUS) and what Role can it Play in Tackling Climate Change?’ (2023) https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/explainers/what-is-carbon-capture-and-storage-and-what-role-can-it-play-in-tackling-climate-change/ accessed 26 March 2024.
Neary, Ashling, ‘CCUS Industry Insights Provide a Foundation for Future Projects’ (Independent Project Analysis, 2023) https://www.ipaglobal.com/news/article/ccus-industry-insights-provide-a-foundation-for-future-projects/ accessed 27 March 2025.
North Sea Transition Authority, ‘New Tool to Maximise Infrastructure Repurposing’ (21 June 2022) https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/news-publications/new-tool-to-maximise-infrastructure-repurposing/ accessed 12 September 2025.
North Sea Transition Authority, Screening Tool for Decommissioning and Repurposing https://www.nstauthority.co.uk/Regulatory-Information/decommissioning-and-repurposing/repurposing/ accessed 12 September 2025.
Norwegian Petroleum Directorate, Cessation and Decommissioning https://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/developments-and-operations/cessation-and-decommissioning/ accessed 27 July 2025.
Statista, ‘Number of Commercial Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Facilities Worldwide as of 2024, by Status’ (2024) https://www.statista.com/statistics/726624/large-scale-carbon-capture-and-storage-projects-worldwide-by-status/ accessed 26 March 2024.
Tarufelli, Brittany, ‘Overlooked Opportunity: Incentivizing Carbon Capture through Carbon Tax Revenue’ (LSU, 2020) chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.lsu.edu/ces/publications/2020/overlooked-opportunity-incentivising-carbon-capture-2020-df-web.pdf accessed 12 September 2025.
Tiseo, Ian, ‘Number and Status of Commercial CCS Facilities Worldwide 2024, by Region’ (2024) https://www.statista.com/statistics/1308723/worldwide-ccs-facilities-by-region/ accessed 26 March 2024.
VIII. Other Sources
Adewale, Taiwo, ‘Financing of CCUS Projects in Nigeria Through the Voluntary Carbon Market’ (SSRN, 2023) https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4422136 accessed 28 March 2024.
The Economist Group, Zeroing in: Fostering Innovative Technologies for a Net-zero Future (2021) https://assets.ctfassets.net/bxxzjfpinfqw/.../Economist_Impact_Invesco_Designed_report_01112021_disclosure_v2__1_.pdf accessed 5 May 2025.
Gassnova, Regulatory Lessons Learned from Longship: The Public Sector’s Involvement in Europe’s First Industrial CCS Chain (March 2023) https://gassnova.no/app/uploads/sites/6/2022/07/Regulatory-lessons-learned-from-Longship-FINAL-WEB-1.pdf accessed 27 July 2025.
Global CCS Institute, Global Status of CCS 2022 (December 2022) https://status22.globalccsinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Global-Status-of-CCS-2022_Download_1222.pdf accessed 12 September 2025.
Ibe, AP and AS Nwosi-Anele, ‘Framework for Carbon-Capture and Storage (CCS) in Nigeria’ (Paper presented at the SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition, Lagos, August 2024) https://doi.org/10.2118/221616-MS
INNO-CCUS, Denmark: State of CCUS Research and Innovation (2nd edn, INNO-CCUS 2025) https://inno-ccus.dk/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/State-of-CCUS-second-edition-online.pdf accessed 27 July 2025.
International Energy Agency, Facilitating Nigeria’s Energy Transition through CCUS Development (2021) https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/a196066a-3225-42ab-b341-d432452058f0/IEAOVP_NigerianCCUS_Event_Summary_Final.pdf accessed 27 March 2025.
International Energy Agency, Putting CO₂ to Use: Creating Value from Carbon Capture and Storage (IEA 2019) https://www.iea.org/reports/putting-CO₂-to-use accessed 27 July 2025.
International Monetary Fund, Reaching Net Zero Emissions (G20 Background Note, June 2021) https://www.imf.org/external/np/g20/pdf/2021/062221.pdf accessed 12 September 2025.
Jones, Angela C and Donald J Marples, The Section 45Q Tax Credit for Carbon Sequestration (CRS In Focus IF11455, 25 August 2023) https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF11455 accessed 12 September 2025.
Kulichenko, Natalia and Eleanor Ereira, Carbon Capture and Storage in Developing Countries: A Perspective on Barriers to Deployment (World Bank, Energy and Mining Sector Board Discussion Paper No 25, June 2011) https://ppp.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/2021-09/Carbon%20Capture%20and%20Storage%20in%20Developing%20Countries%20A%20Perspective%20on%20Barriers%20to%20Deployment.pdf accessed 27 July 2025.
McKenzie, Janetta and Scott MacDougall, Comparing Canadian and American Financial Incentives for CCUS in the Oil Sector (Pembina Institute, 2023) https://climateinstitute.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/comparing-canadian-and-american-incentives-ccus-oil-sector.pdf accessed 5 May 2025.
Mikunda, Tom, CCUS Projects Network Outputs and Deliverables (2025) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5672ab009cadb60e553e3529/t/69a594866f77231f1927da65/1772459142916/REX-CO2-D1.7+Final+Report_PUblic_v2022.10.14.pdf accessed 6 April 2025.
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How to Cite
Pereira, E. G. ., Rodrigues, C. ., Zárate, M. N., & Muinzer, T. . (2026). Legal Implications of Re-Use of Decommissioned Petroleum Infrastructure for Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage Projects. International Review of Law, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2026.0348
Section
Articles in English