أسس فن الحرب في الإسلام: رسالة «مختصر في سياسة الحروب» وتشكل العقيدة العسكرية في العصر العباسي
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منشور
أغس 16, 2026
Copyright Information
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
محمد حسني بن محمد أمين
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3790-4914
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3790-4914
الملخص
أهداف البحث: يتناول هذا البحث كتاب مختصر في سياسة الحروب، المنسوب إلى أبي سعيد الحرثمي الشعراني (القرن الثالث الهجري/التاسع الميلادي)، بوصفه من أوائل المؤلفات الإسلامية في فنون الحكم وتدبير الحرب. ويهدف إلى وضع النص في سياق ترسيخ العقيدة السنية في العصر العباسي المبكر، وبيان كيفية تداخل العقيدة والشريعة والسياسة في صياغة النظرية العسكرية.
منهج البحث: يعتمد البحث منهجًا متعدد التخصصات يجمع بين التحليل الفيلولوجي لـ«المختصر» والسياق التاريخي. ويحدد مبادئ الفعل والمسؤولية المشتركة في مقارنة عقدية مع «الفقه الأكبر» لأبي حنيفة. ويضع إطارًا تحليليًا مقارنًا للرسالة ضمن تقليد «مرايا الملوك»، موازنًا إياها مع «الأحكام السلطانية» للماوردي و«سير الملوك» لنظام الملك. وأخيرًا، يبرز استعراضُ الدراسات الثانوية مدى إسهام العمل الفريد في الفكر العسكري الإسلامي.
النتائج: يصوّر المختصر الحرب ليس بوصفها فنًّا تقنيًا فحسب، بل كعلم استراتيجي وواجب عقدي في آن واحد. فهو يربط القيادة العسكرية بالتقوى والعدل والانضباط، ويرفض الإفراط والانتقام والنهب، وينسب النصر إلى القدر الإلهي، مع تأكيد المسؤولية الإنسانية من خلال مفهوم الكسب.
أصالة البحث: يبرز البحث المختصر باعتباره صياغة سنية متميزة للفكر العسكري ونقطة تحول عقدية في التاريخ الفكري والعسكري الإسلامي. ومن خلال إظهار التلاقي بين العقيدة والأخلاق وعلم الحرب في هذا النص المبكر، يؤكد البحث إسهام المؤلفات العسكرية الإسلامية في ترسيخ تقاليد الفكر السياسي والاستراتيجي القائم على العقيدة.
المقاييس
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الكلمات المفتاحية
السياسة العباسيةالقدرأخلاقيات القيادةالتراث العسكري الإسلاميالمسؤولية الأخلاقية في الحرب
المراجع
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Lings, Martin. Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Vermont: Inner Traditions, 2006, [First published in the UK: George Allen & Unwin, 1983].
Luttwak, Edward N. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2009.
Mālik ibn Anas. Al-Muwaṭṭāʾ. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾad ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1985.
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–––. “Worldview, Strategy, and Strategic Principles in Three Muslim Military Treatises.” TAFHIM: IKIM Journal of Islam and the Contemporary World 16, no. 2 (2023): 33–60.
Niẓām al-Mulk, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan. Siyar al-Mulūk, Translated by Yūsuf Bakkār. 2nd ed. Jordan: Wuzārah al-Thaqāfah, 2007.
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Sawyer, Ralph D., trans. Sun Tzu: The Art of War. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
Shahîd, Irfan. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century: Volume I, Part I. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1995.
–––. Rome and the Arabs. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1984.
Usāmah ibn Munqidh. Kitāb al-Iʿtibār. Edited by ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Ashtar. 2nd ed. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 2003.
Webster, Graham. The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D. First published in Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books, 1985. 3rd ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
Al-Attas, Syed Muhammad Naquib. Prolegomena to the Metaphysics of Islām: An Exposition of the Fundamental Elements of the Worldview of Islām. First published Kuala Lumpur: The International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization (ISTAC), 1995; This edition Johor Bahru: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Press, 2014.
Al-Balādhurī, Abū al-ʿAbbās ibn Jābir. Futūḥ al-Buldān. Edited by Muḥammad Munīb Maḥyū. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Maʿārif, 1987.
Al-Fārābī, Abū Naṣr. Al-Fārābī’s The Political Regime (al-Siyāsa al-Madaniyya, also known as the Treatise on the Principles of Beings). Edited by Fauzi M. Najjar. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1964.
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Tibr al-Masbūk fī Naṣīḥat al-Mulūk. Edited by Aḥmad Shams al-Dīn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1988.
Al-Ḥarthamī. Abū Saʿīd al-Shaʿrānī. Mukhtaṣar fī Siyāsat al-Ḥurūb. Edited by ʿĀrif Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Ghanī. 1st ed. Damascus: Dār Kanān, 1995.
Al-Jurjānī, ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Sharīf. Muʿjam al-Taʿrifāt. Edited by Muḥammad Siddīq al-Minshāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Faḍilah, 2004.
Al-Maghnīsāwī. Abū al-Munṭahā. “Kitāb Sharḥ al-Fiqh al-Akbar.” In Al-Rasāʾil al-Sabʿah fī al-ʿAqāʾid. 1st ed. Cairo: Dār al-Baṣāʾir, 2009.
Al-Māwardī, Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyyah wa al-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyyah. Edited by Aḥmad Jād. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2006.
Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn. Tārīkh al-Khulafāʾ. 3rd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Minhāj, 2014.
Al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr. Tāʾrīkh al-Ṭabarī (Tāʾrīkh al-Umam wa al-Mulūk). 6 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2012.
Al-Tahānawī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. Mawsūʿah Kashshāf Iṣṭilaḥāt al-Funūn wa al-ʿUlūm. Edited by ʿAli Dahrūj. 2 vols. Beirut: Maktabah Lubnān Nāshirūn, 1996.
Ames, Roger T., trans. Sun-Tzu: The Art of Warfare: The First English Translation Incorporating the Recently Discovered Yin-ch’üeh-shan Texts. New York: Ballantine Books, 1993.
Bashier, Zakaria. War and Peace in the Life of the Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ. Markfield: The Islamic Foundation, 2007.
Cameron, Averil. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: AD 395–600. London & New York: Routledge, 1993.
Çekiç, Ayşe. “Manifesting the Crusaders’ Instinct for Violence in the Context of the Capture of Antioch.” Journal of Al-Tamaddun 19, no. 2 (2024): 267–76.
Dennis, George T. Trans. Maurice’s Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984.
–––. Three Byzantine Military Treatises. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Texts, 1985.
El-Hibri, Tayeb. Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Hārūn al-Rashīd and the Narrative of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Freedman, Lawrence. Strategy: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Hamidullah, Muhammad. The Battlefields of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. 1st ed. New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 1992; 6th ed., 2017.
–––. The Muslim Conduct of State. First ed. Hyderabad-Deccan: Islamic Culture, 1941–42. 5th ed. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1973. This ed. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, 2012.
Ibn Hishām, Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah. Edited by ʿUmar ʿAbd al-Salām Tadmurī. 3rd ed. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1990.
Ibn Isḥāq al-Nadīm, Abū al-Faraj Muḥammad. Al-Fihrist. Edited by Ibrāhīm Ramaḍān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, 1978.
Ibn Khaldūn, Abū Zayd ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad. Muqaddimah. Edited by ʿAbd-Allāh Muḥammad Darwīsh. 2 vols. Damascus: Dār Yaʿrib, 2004.
Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab. 9 vols. Cairo: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2003.
Kazemi Moussavi, Ahmad. Religious Authority in Shiʿite Islam: From the Office of Mufti to the Institution of Marjaʿ. Kuala Lumpur: International Institute of Islamic Thought and Civilization, 1996.
Kershaw, Stephen P. A Brief History of the Roman Empire. London: Robinson, 2013.
Khalif Muammar and Rizky Febrian. “Post-Ghazali Islamic Philosophy in the Sunni and Shiʿite Traditions.” Afkar: Journal of ʿAqidah & Islamic Thought 25, no. 2 (2023): 459–98.
Leo VI. The Taktika of Leo VI: Text, Translation, and Commentary. Translated by George T. Dennis. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 2010.
Lings, Martin. Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Vermont: Inner Traditions, 2006, [First published in the UK: George Allen & Unwin, 1983].
Luttwak, Edward N. The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2009.
Mālik ibn Anas. Al-Muwaṭṭāʾ. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾad ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Beirut: Dār al-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1985.
Mohd Amin, M. H. “Solidification of Worldview, Liberation Strategy and Revival of Sunnism Leading to the 12th Century A.D./6th Century A.H. Muslim Liberation of Jerusalem.” Afkar: Journal of ʿAqidah & Islamic Thought 26, no. 1 (2024): 121–66.
–––. “Worldview, Strategy, and Strategic Principles in Three Muslim Military Treatises.” TAFHIM: IKIM Journal of Islam and the Contemporary World 16, no. 2 (2023): 33–60.
Niẓām al-Mulk, Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan. Siyar al-Mulūk, Translated by Yūsuf Bakkār. 2nd ed. Jordan: Wuzārah al-Thaqāfah, 2007.
Oman, Charles. A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages. Vol. I: A.D. 328–1278. First published Oxford: Blackwells, 1885. This ed. London: Greenhill Books, 1991.
Oyosoro, Felix Idongesit. “Beyond Jihad: The Islamic Contributions to the Field of Strategic Studies.” International Journal of Islamic Thought 24 (2023): 44–52.
Pirenne, Henri. Mohammed and Charlemagne. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1954. Repr. New York: Dover Publications, 2001.
Rahman Zaky, A. “A Preliminary Bibliography of Medieval Arabic Military Literature.” Gladius 4 (1965): 107.
Sawyer, Ralph D., trans. Sun Tzu: The Art of War. New York: Basic Books, 1994.
Shahîd, Irfan. Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century: Volume I, Part I. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1995.
–––. Rome and the Arabs. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, 1984.
Usāmah ibn Munqidh. Kitāb al-Iʿtibār. Edited by ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Ashtar. 2nd ed. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 2003.
Webster, Graham. The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries A.D. First published in Totowa, NJ: Barnes & Noble Books, 1985. 3rd ed. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.
كيفية الاقتباس
أمين محمد حسني بن محمد. 2026. "أسس فن الحرب في الإسلام: رسالة «مختصر في سياسة الحروب» وتشكل العقيدة العسكرية في العصر العباسي". مجلة كلية الشريعة والدراسات الاسلامية 44 (2). https://doi.org/10.29117/jcsis.2026.0457.
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