Courting Islam: The Evolution of Perceptions of Islam within the British and American governments from the European Colonial period to the War on Terror
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Jun 14, 2021
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Abstract
Purpose: This article explores the changing attitudes to, and perceptions of Islam that developed over a period in which substantive engagements between Anglo-American strategic interests brought them more and more into contact with Muslim majority governments and cultures.
Methodology: Using historical analysis, the article examines selected primary literature to understand how perceptions of Islam within American and British policymaking circles evolved during the European Colonial period.
Findings: The key finding is the extent to which perceptions of Islam and Muslims were government not just by the nature of the incidents and issues that politicians and officials were dealing with, but also by the shifting cultural shifts taking place in America and Britain.
Originality: The article’s originality lies in the methodological approach of examining US-British policymaker’s perceptions of Islam based upon their experiences. In so doing, the article offers an approach to West-Islam relational debates that avoids critiquing the validity of the observations and instead deepens our understandings of where the perceptions came from as a basis for improved dialogues in the future.
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Keywords
IslamMuslimWestGovernmentPolicymakingHistoryAmericaBritain
References
Bibliography
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Churchill, Winston. The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of of the Sudan. London, Mineola (NY): Dover Publications Inc, 1899, 2012.
———. The story of the Malakand Field Force. London: Bloomsbury, 1898, 2015.
Clinton, Bill. Remarks to the Jordanian Parliament, Transcript. 26 October 1994..
Colley, Linda. "Britain and Islam: Different Perspectives on Difference, 1600-1800." Yale Review 88.4 (2002): 1 - 20.
Congress, US Library of. "Education in Saudi Arabia." Country Studies. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1993.
Dalrymple, William. The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857. London: Bloomsbury, 2006.
Damon, G.H. "DoS 511.80/4-252, CS/Y Meomorandum." Washington DC: US Government, 2 April 1952.
Evans, Laurence. United States Policy and the Partition of Turkey, 1914- 24. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1965.
Ferris, John. ""The Internationalism of Islam": The British Perception of the Muslim Menace, 1840-1951." Intelligence and National Security 24.1 (2009): 57 - 77.
Gerges, Fawaz. America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
GhaneaBissiri, Kambiz. A History of Islam in America. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Gibbs, Jenna. Global Protestant Missions: Politics, Reform and Communication, 1730s - 1930s. London: Routledge, 2019.
Gladstone, William. The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East. London: John Murray, 1876.
Hay, Rupert. "The Impact of the Oil Industry on the Persian Gulf Shaykdoms." Middle East Journal 9 (1955): 361 - 392.
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Parsons, Lynn. John Quincy Adams - A Biography. Lanham (MD): Rowman and Littlefield, 1999.
Pugh, Martin. Britain and Islam: A History from 622 to the Present Day. Cambridge (MA): Yale University Press, 2019.
Rai, Milan. The London Bombings, Islam and the Iraq War. London: Pluto Press, 2006.
Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 1974.
Samei, Mohammad. "Neo Orientalism? The Relationship between the West and Islam in our Globalized World." Third World Quarterly 31.7 (2010): 1145 - 1160.
Senate. "Hearing before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security." Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 26 June 2003.
Seymour, Charles. The Intimate Papers of Colonel House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928.
Shah, Timothy. "Making th Christian world safe for liberalism: from Grotius to Rawls." The Poltical Quarterly 71.1 (2000): 121-139.
Singleton, Brent. Yankee Muslim: The Asian Travels of Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb. Maryland: Borgo Press, 2007.
Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Cambridge (MA): Belknap Press, 2009.
Thatcher, Margaret. "Islamism is the new Bolshevism." The Guardian 12 February 2002.
Thomas, Teresa. American Arabists in the Cold War Middle East, 1946 - 75: From Orientalism to Professionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
US Consuls in Manila, Philippine Islands. "Dispatches, October 1887 - December 1893." Washington DC: National Archives Records, 1969.
US Goverment. "A Comprehensive review of the threat, policy and law, 21 April 1993." Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Terrorism and America. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1994.
US International Development Cooperation Agency. "Islam: The Prophet and People." Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975.
Wood, Barry. "Exhibiting the Middle East: Collections and Perceptions of Islamic Art." Ars Orientalis 30 (2000): 113- 130.
Yildezeli, Fahriye. "W.E. Gladstone and British Policy towards the Ottoman Empire." Exeter: Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Exeter, 2016.
Abdullah, Umar. A Muslim in Victorian America: The Life of Alexander Russell Webb. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
Alder, Emanuel and Michael Burnett. Security Communities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Anon. "Tony Blair: Islamic Extemists' Ideology Enjoys Support of Many Muslims." The Guardian 6 October 2015.
Arnold, Thomas. "The Supposed Spiritual Authority of the Caliph, IOR/L/PS/10/853/4." London, 1 July 1922.
Bentley, Michelle (ed.). The Obama Doctrine: A legacy of Continuity in US Foreign Policy? London: Routledge, 2017.
Bilgari, Mattin. ""Captive to the Demonology of the Iranian Mobs": US Foreign Policy and the Perceptions of Shi'a Islam during the Iranian Revolution, 1978-79." Diplomatic History 40.6 (2016): 579 - 605.
Boyd, Julian ed. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, 1st November 1785 to 22nd June 1786. Vol. 9. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press, 1954.
Brumberg, Daniel. Democratization versus Liberalization in the Arab World: Dilemmas and Challanges for US Foreign Policy. Carlisle (PA): Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2005.
Churchill, Winston. The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of of the Sudan. London, Mineola (NY): Dover Publications Inc, 1899, 2012.
———. The story of the Malakand Field Force. London: Bloomsbury, 1898, 2015.
Clinton, Bill. Remarks to the Jordanian Parliament, Transcript. 26 October 1994.
Colley, Linda. "Britain and Islam: Different Perspectives on Difference, 1600-1800." Yale Review 88.4 (2002): 1 - 20.
Congress, US Library of. "Education in Saudi Arabia." Country Studies. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1993.
Dalrymple, William. The Last Mughal: The Fall of Delhi, 1857. London: Bloomsbury, 2006.
Damon, G.H. "DoS 511.80/4-252, CS/Y Meomorandum." Washington DC: US Government, 2 April 1952.
Evans, Laurence. United States Policy and the Partition of Turkey, 1914- 24. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1965.
Ferris, John. ""The Internationalism of Islam": The British Perception of the Muslim Menace, 1840-1951." Intelligence and National Security 24.1 (2009): 57 - 77.
Gerges, Fawaz. America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
GhaneaBissiri, Kambiz. A History of Islam in America. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Gibbs, Jenna. Global Protestant Missions: Politics, Reform and Communication, 1730s - 1930s. London: Routledge, 2019.
Gladstone, William. The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East. London: John Murray, 1876.
Hay, Rupert. "The Impact of the Oil Industry on the Persian Gulf Shaykdoms." Middle East Journal 9 (1955): 361 - 392.
Heyck, Thomas. "The Decline of Christianity in Twentieth Century Britain." Albion 28.3 (1996): 437 - 453.
Hiro, Dilip. Cold War in the Islamic World: Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Struggle for Supremacy. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.
Huddle, Franklin. "The Future of Iran: Implications for the US, Iran Documents 01144, DSNA." Washington DC: Department of State, 13 January 1977.
John, Peter. Analysing Public Policy. London, New York: Continuum, 2002.
Kaltsas, Spyridon. "Habermas, Taylor and Connolly on Secularism, Pluralism and the Post-Secular Public Sphere." Religions 19.8 (2019): 460 - 479.
Karpat, Kemal. The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith and Community in the Late Ottoman State. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Karsh, Ephraim and Inari Karsh. Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery of the Middle East, 1789 - 1923. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 2001.
Kirk, Andrew. Civilizations in Conflict? Islam, the West and Christian Faith. Oxford: Regnum Books, 2011.
Kupchan, Charles. How Enemies Become Friends: The Source of Stable Peace. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press, 2010.
MacLean, Gerald (ed). Britain and the Muslim World: Historical Perspectives. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011.
MacLean, Gerald and Nabil Matar. Britain and the Islamic World, 1558 - 1713. Oxford, New York: Oxford UNiversity Press, 2016.
Malik, Kenan. From Fatwa to Jihad: The Rushdie Affair and its Legacy. London, New York: Atlantic Books, 2009.
Markariev, Plamen (ed). Islamic and Christian Cultures: Conflict or Dialogue? Washington DC: The Council on Research in Values and Philosophy, 2001.
McLoughlin, Leslie. In a Sea of Knowledge: British Arabists in the Twentieth Century. New York: Ithaca Press, 2002.
Miller, Rory. "The Rhetoric of Reaction: British Arabists, Jewish Refugees and the Palestine Question." Israel Affairs 14.3 (2008): 467 - 485.
Montgomery- Cunningham, Andrew. "Proposal to Establish an Institute of Advanced Islamic Studies, SSA513/05." London: Department of Social Services, 19 July 1956 - 7.
Mukherjee, Sumita and Sadia Zulfiqar. Islam and the West: A Love Story? Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015.
Nasta, Sushila. India in Britain: South Asian Networks and Connections, 1858 - 1950. London: Palgrave, 2013.
Office, India. "IOR/L/PS/15, File 1654." London, New Delhi: His Majesty's Government, 1925 - 35.
Oliver-Dee, Sean. The Caliphate Question: British Government and Islamic Governance. Lanham (MD): Rowman and Littlefield, 2009.
O'Toole, Therese, Daniel DeHanas and Tariq Modood. "Balancing tolerance, security and Muslim engagement in the United Kingdom: the impact of the 'Prevent' agenda." Critical Studies on Terrorism 5.3 (2012): 373 - 389.
Parsons, Lynn. John Quincy Adams - A Biography. Lanham (MD): Rowman and Littlefield, 1999.
Pugh, Martin. Britain and Islam: A History from 622 to the Present Day. Cambridge (MA): Yale University Press, 2019.
Rai, Milan. The London Bombings, Islam and the Iraq War. London: Pluto Press, 2006.
Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press, 1974.
Samei, Mohammad. "Neo Orientalism? The Relationship between the West and Islam in our Globalized World." Third World Quarterly 31.7 (2010): 1145 - 1160.
Senate. "Hearing before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology and Homeland Security." Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 26 June 2003.
Seymour, Charles. The Intimate Papers of Colonel House. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1928.
Shah, Timothy. "Making th Christian world safe for liberalism: from Grotius to Rawls." The Poltical Quarterly 71.1 (2000): 121-139.
Singleton, Brent. Yankee Muslim: The Asian Travels of Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb. Maryland: Borgo Press, 2007.
Taylor, Charles. A Secular Age. Cambridge (MA): Belknap Press, 2009.
Thatcher, Margaret. "Islamism is the new Bolshevism." The Guardian 12 February 2002.
Thomas, Teresa. American Arabists in the Cold War Middle East, 1946 - 75: From Orientalism to Professionalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
US Consuls in Manila, Philippine Islands. "Dispatches, October 1887 - December 1893." Washington DC: National Archives Records, 1969.
US Goverment. "A Comprehensive review of the threat, policy and law, 21 April 1993." Hearings of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Terrorism and America. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1994.
US International Development Cooperation Agency. "Islam: The Prophet and People." Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1975.
Wood, Barry. "Exhibiting the Middle East: Collections and Perceptions of Islamic Art." Ars Orientalis 30 (2000): 113- 130.
Yildezeli, Fahriye. "W.E. Gladstone and British Policy towards the Ottoman Empire." Exeter: Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Exeter, 2016.
How to Cite
Oliver-Dee, Sean. 2021. “Courting Islam: The Evolution of Perceptions of Islam Within the British and American Governments from the European Colonial Period to the War on Terror”. Journal of College of Sharia and Islamic Studies 39 (1). https://doi.org/10.29117/jcsis.2021.0291.
Section
Articles in English