Artificial Intelligence Crimes and Countermeasures: Deepfake Crimes as a Model
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Oct 15, 2024
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Abstract
The rapid development of artificial intelligence applications and their widespread use has triggered this study. It aims to shed light on an emerging phenomenon of artificial intelligence crimes, known as Deepfake technology. This topic is among the modern subjects in the field of criminology that has not yet received sufficient attention. There are few Arab and Western studies that have addressed Deepfake technology without elaborating on its types and countermeasures. The research problem centers around the nature of the crimes that can be committed using Deepfake applications and examining the extent to which Anti-Deepfake laws are effective against malicious use of this technology. The researcher adopted an inductive analytical approach and a descriptive method based on gathering information from various academic and non-academic sources. Additionally, a comparative approach was used. The research concluded with several results, the most important of which are: Deepfake technology is a double-edged sword that can be used to commit traditional crimes in a modern way. Therefore, we recommended the need to issue special legislation for Deepfake that addresses the types of crimes, punishment and compensation for the damages resulting from each crime. Thus, the study contributes to enriching legal and academic knowledge about this technology and its effects, providing a legal framework for dealing with the risks associated with it, and offering a model for future studies in this field.
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Keywords
Deepfake definitionLegitimacy of DeepfakeDeepfake crimesDeepfake lawsDeepfake countermeasure
References
1. Books:
Abu Afifa, Talal. Usul Ilmi al-Ijraam wa al-'Iqab wa Akhir al-Juhud al-Dawliyah wa al-Arabiyah li Mukaafahat al-Jirmah al-Munazzamah 'Abr al-Hudud al-Wataniyah. (in Arabic), Dar al-Jundi lil Nashr wa al-Tawzee', al-Quds.
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Harris, J. Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Review, 19 Journal of Computer Science 345 (2021).
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Vizoso, A., Vaz-Álvarez, M., & López-García, X. Fighting Deepfakes: Media and Internet Giants’ Converging and Diverging Strategies Against Hi-Tech Misinformation, 9 Media and Communication 291 (2021).
Wahl-Jorgensen, K., & Carlson, M. Conjecturing Fearful Futures: Journalistic Discourses on Deepfakes, 15 Journalism Practice 803 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1908838.
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3. Legislation:
China Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis Internet Information Services.
Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China 1997.
DEEP FAKES Accountability Act 2020.
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Ayyub, R. "I Was the Victim of a Deepfake Porn Plot Intended to Silence Me," HuffPost UK News (2018). https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/deepfake-porn_uk_5bf2c126e4b0f32bd58ba316 (last visited June 6, 2023).
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1- كتب ومقالات:
أبو عفيفة، طلال. أصول علمي الإجرام والعقاب وآخر الجهود الدولية والعربية لمكافحة الجريمة المنظمة عبر الحدود الوطنية. دار الجندي للنشر والتوزيع، القدس، 2013.
الحسن، عبد العزيز أحمد. شرح قانون الجرائم والعقوبات الاتحادي لدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة الصادر بموجب المرسوم بقانون اتحادي رقم 31 لسنة 2021: الأحكام العامة - الكتاب الأول - النظرية العامة للجريمة. دار النهضة العلمية، دبي، القاهرة، 2022.
زكير، أحمد عبد الموجود. "جريمة التزييف الإباحي العميق: دراسة مقارنة". المجلة القانونية، كلية الحقوق (فرع الخرطوم)، جامعة القاهرة، مج11، ع7، 2022.
2- قوانين:
قانون الجرائم الإلكترونية الأردني لسنة 2023.
قانون مكافحة الشائعات والجرائم الإلكترونية الإماراتي رقم (34) لسنة 2021:
قانون مكافحة الجرائم الإلكترونية القطري رقم (14) لسنة 2014:
Abu Afifa, Talal. Usul Ilmi al-Ijraam wa al-'Iqab wa Akhir al-Juhud al-Dawliyah wa al-Arabiyah li Mukaafahat al-Jirmah al-Munazzamah 'Abr al-Hudud al-Wataniyah. (in Arabic), Dar al-Jundi lil Nashr wa al-Tawzee', al-Quds.
Al-Hasan, Abdul Aziz Ahmed. Sharh Qanoon al-Jara'im wa al-'Iqubat al-Ittihadi li Dawlat al-Imarat al-Arabiyah al-Muttahidah: al-Ahakam al-'Amah - al-Kitab al-Awwal, (al-Nazariyah al-'Amah lil Jirmah) (in Arabic), Dar al-Nahdah al-'Ilmiyah, 2022.
Pic, M., et al. Face Manipulation Detection in Remote Operational System, in C. Rathgeb et al. (Eds.), Handbook of Digital Face Manipulation and Detection: From DeepFakes to Morphing Attacks 431 (Springer 2022).
Tolosana, R., et al. "Future Trends in Digital Face Manipulation and Detection," in C. Rathgeb et al. (Eds.), Handbook of Digital Face Manipulation and Detection: From DeepFakes to Morphing Attacks 463 (Springer 2022).
Tolosana, R., et al. An Introduction to Digital Face Manipulation," in C. Rathgeb et al. (Eds.), Handbook of Digital Face Manipulation and Detection: From DeepFakes to Morphing Attacks 4 (Springer 2022).
Zakīr, Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd. "Jirīmah al-tazwīf al-ibāḥī al-ʿamīq: dirāsah muqāranah," (in Arabic), al-Majallah al-qānūnīyah, Jāmiʿat al-Qāhirah, Kullīyat al-ḥuqūq (Firʿ al-Kharṭūm), Vol. 11, No. 7, 2022.
2. Journals:
Barber, A. Freedom of Expression Meets Deepfakes, 202 Synthese 40 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-023-04266 4.
Bothamley, S., & Tully, Ruth J. Understanding Revenge Pornography: Public Perceptions of Revenge Pornography and Victim Blaming, Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research (2018), doi: 10.1108/JACPR-09-2016-0253.
Chesney, B., & Citron, D. Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security, 107 California Law Review 1753 (2019).
Dixon, H. Deepfakes: More Frightening Than Photoshop on Steroids, 58 Judges Journal 36 (2019).
Dobber, T., et al. Do (Microtargeted) Deepfake Have Real Effects on Political Attitudes? 26 The International Journal of Press/Politics 72 (2021).
Ellamey, M, Y., “Criminal Protection from disinformation during electoral campaigns in light of the legislative Criminal Policy – A Comparative Study with Egyptian and French Legislations” (in Arabic) International Review of Law, Volume 9, Issue 3, 2020 Special Issue on the conference of “Law and Media: Horizons and Challenges”
Farid, H. Deepfakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security, 134 Harvard Law Review 1755 (2020).
Hancock, TJ. & Bailenson, NJ. The Social Impact of Deepfakes, 24 Cyberpsychology, Behaviour, and Social Networking 149 (2021).
Harris, J. Deepfake Detection: A Comprehensive Review, 19 Journal of Computer Science 345 (2021).
Luochen, L. Smart Watermark to Defend against Deepfake Image Manipulation, in 2021 IEEE 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems 380 (2021).
Martinez, A. Deepfakes and the Law: A Legal Perspective, 130 Yale Law Journal 1020 (2021).
Taylor, L. Deepfakes and Gender: A Feminist Perspective, 29 Gender Studies Quarterly 210 (2021). https://gsq.org/deepfakes-and-gender.
Vizoso, A., Vaz-Álvarez, M., & López-García, X. Fighting Deepfakes: Media and Internet Giants’ Converging and Diverging Strategies Against Hi-Tech Misinformation, 9 Media and Communication 291 (2021).
Wahl-Jorgensen, K., & Carlson, M. Conjecturing Fearful Futures: Journalistic Discourses on Deepfakes, 15 Journalism Practice 803 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2021.1908838.
Zhang, J. AI-Deep Synthesis Regulations and Legal Challenges: Recent Face Swap Fraud Cases in China. Lexology. https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=1a3455cc-dc4d-4ed0-918a-c3429999c31f.
Reports:
Brooks, T., et al. "Increasing Threat of Deepfake Identities," Department of Homeland Security, USA (2023). https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/increasing_threats_of_deepfake_identities_0.pdf.
Daniel L., et al. "Deepfakes and International Conflict," The Brookings Institution, Washington DC, P3 (2023).
Engler, A. "Fighting Deepfakes When Detection Fails," Brookings Institution (2019). https://policycommons.net/artifacts/4139532/fighting-deepfakes-when-detection-fails/4947455 (last visited July 28, 2023).
Goodfellow, IJ., et al. "Generative Adversarial Nets," NeurIPS, https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2014/file/5ca3e9b122f61f8f06494c97b1afccf3-Paper.pdf. f (last visited June 5, 2023).
Huijstee, M., et al. "Tackling Deepfakes in European Policy," European Parliamentary Research Service (2021). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2021/690039/EPRS_STU(2021)690039_EN.pdf (last visited Jun 14, 2023)
Harrison, K. Leopold, A., et al. "The State of Deepfake," Deeptrust Alliance (2020). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5d894b6dcd6a2255c38759fe/t/6046e099e1c70c281fe57447/1615257771315/Pornographic+Deepfake+Report+Part+1.pdf (last visited July 11, 2023).
Li, Y., & Lyu, S. "Exposing DeepFake Videos by Detecting Face Warping Artifacts," Cornell University (2018). https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.00656.pdf (last visited May 24, 2023).
Madiega, T. Artificial Intelligence Act, EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service (2023).
Petkauskas, V. "Report: Number of Expert-Crafted Video Deepfakes Double Every Six Months," CyberNews (2021). https://cybernews.com/privacy/report-number-of-expert-crafted-video-deepfakes-double-every-six-months (last visited 09/07/2023).
Rosenthal, L., et al. "The Content Authenticity Initiative: Setting the Standard for Digital Content Attribution," CAI (2020).
Sheehan, M. "China’s AI Regulations and How They Get Made," Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (2023), Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Publications Department, 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW.
Wittes, B., et al. "Sextortion: Cybersecurity, Teenagers, and Remote Sexual Assault," Brookings Institution (2016). https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/sextortion1-1.pdf (last visited June 7, 2023).
3. Legislation:
China Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis Internet Information Services.
Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China 1997.
DEEP FAKES Accountability Act 2020.
4. Internet Sources:
Ayyub, R. "I Was the Victim of a Deepfake Porn Plot Intended to Silence Me," HuffPost UK News (2018). https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/deepfake-porn_uk_5bf2c126e4b0f32bd58ba316 (last visited June 6, 2023).
Bartz, D. "Microsoft Chief Says Deep Fakes are Biggest AI Concern," Reuters (2023). https://www.reuters.com/technology/microsoft-chief-calls-humans-rule-ai-safeguard-critical-infrastructure-2023-05-25 (last visited July 16, 2023).
Beckerman, R., et al. "Adobe, The New York Times Company and Twitter Announce Content Authenticity Initiative to Develop Industry Standard for Content Attribution," Adobe News (2019). https://news.adobe.com/news. /news-details/2019/Adobe-The-New-York-Times-Company-and-Twitter-Announce-Content-Authenticity-Initiative-to-Develop-Industry-Standard-for-Content-Attribution/default.aspx(last visited July 20, 2023).
Bienkov, A. "Boris Johnson Appeared to Endorse Jeremy Corbyn for Prime Minister in a Convincing Deepfake Video," Business Insider (2019). https://www.businessinsider.com/video-boris-johnson-endorses-jeremy-corbyn-in-convincing-deepfake-2019-11 (last visited July 14, 2023).
Burt, J. "Deepfakes Being Used in 'Sextortion' Scams, FBI Warns," The Register (2023). https://www.theregister.com/2023/06/08/ai_deepfakes_sextortion_fbi (last visited June 9, 2023).
Chickowski, E. "Criminals Use Deepfake Videos to Interview for Remote Work," Dark Reading (2022). https://www.darkreading.com/attacks-breaches/criminals-deepfake-video-interview-remote-work (last Visited August 22, 2023).
China Law Translate. "Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis Internet Information Services." https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/deep-synthesis (last visited August 24, 2023).
Chun Ki Chan, C., et al. "Combating Deepfakes: Multi-LSTM and Blockchain as Proof of Authenticity for Digital Media," IEEE/ITU (2020). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org /abstract/document/9311067 (last visited July 17, 2023).
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1- كتب ومقالات:
أبو عفيفة، طلال. أصول علمي الإجرام والعقاب وآخر الجهود الدولية والعربية لمكافحة الجريمة المنظمة عبر الحدود الوطنية. دار الجندي للنشر والتوزيع، القدس، 2013.
الحسن، عبد العزيز أحمد. شرح قانون الجرائم والعقوبات الاتحادي لدولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة الصادر بموجب المرسوم بقانون اتحادي رقم 31 لسنة 2021: الأحكام العامة - الكتاب الأول - النظرية العامة للجريمة. دار النهضة العلمية، دبي، القاهرة، 2022.
زكير، أحمد عبد الموجود. "جريمة التزييف الإباحي العميق: دراسة مقارنة". المجلة القانونية، كلية الحقوق (فرع الخرطوم)، جامعة القاهرة، مج11، ع7، 2022.
2- قوانين:
قانون الجرائم الإلكترونية الأردني لسنة 2023.
قانون مكافحة الشائعات والجرائم الإلكترونية الإماراتي رقم (34) لسنة 2021:
قانون مكافحة الجرائم الإلكترونية القطري رقم (14) لسنة 2014:
How to Cite
Maghaireh, A. M. . (2024). Artificial Intelligence Crimes and Countermeasures: Deepfake Crimes as a Model . International Review of Law, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2024.0301
Section
Articles in Arabic