عباس بورهاشمي صبحان طيبي مرضية فتحي بورناجي

الملخص

تسبب التحدي المائي في الشرق الأوسط في مواجهة الحكومات مشاكل جديدة يتعين عليها التفكير بشأنها؛ بغية البحث مزيد من السيطرة على مواردها المائية وإدارتها ورعايتها من أجل البقاء. ونظرًا للاستهلاك المتزايد للمياه في بلدان المنبع من الأنهار الحدودية في استغلال الموارد، نلاحظ زيادة النزاعات المائية السياسية بين الدول. على سبيل المثال، يتدفق نهر هلمند من أفغانستان إلى إيران وينطوي على جانب مائي سياسي، طالما كان مؤثرًاعلى العلاقات بين البلدين منذ تشكيل الحدود، فقد خلق تذبذب تدفق مياه هلمند وانخفاض المياه الجارية نحو سيستان (إيران) في الأعوام المائة الماضية مشاكل بين إيران وأفغانستان على المستويين الوطني والمحلي. في السنوات الماضية، استهلكت أفغانستان جزءًا كبيرًا من المياه من خلال إنشائها سدًا، مما أثر في قلة كمية المياه المتدفقة إلى إيران. على الجانب الآخر، أدت التغيرات المورفولوجية للنهر – مثل الخلاف حول تحديد الحدود بدقة في قاع النهر المتغير، والنزاع حول عدم استقرار نمط توزيع الحق المائي بين البلدين، والخلاف حول تحديد النطاق والإقليم من المنطقة الحدودية – إلى عدم استقرار النظام البيئي. وفي هذا الصدد، فإن استراتيجية السيطرة على عدم استقرار النظام البيئي هي دبلوماسية البيئة، وإذا تزامنت مع الدبلوماسية الدفاعية، فإنها تؤدي إلى الاستقرار؛ حيث تتناول الدراسة القضايا المحيطية في هلمند ومسار الدبلوماسية في هذا المجال.

المقاييس

يتم تحميل المقاييس...

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

الكلمات المفتاحية

العلاقات السياسية بين إيران وأفغانستان
نهر هلمند
الحدود المشتركة
دبلوماسية البيئة
الدبلوماسية الدفاعية

المراجع
Books
Bess Corner, Natasha. Water Security and the Middle East, translation: Pirouz Izadi, first edition, Publications of Strategic and Defense Science Research Institute of Imam Hussein University, (1993).
Fakhari, Qolamreza. The dispute between the governments of Iran and Afghanistan on the Helmand River, Ministry of Foreign Affairs publications, (1992).
Mirheydar, Durreh. Principles of political geography, Tehran, SAMT Publications, (2002).
Motevali Haqiqi, Yousef. Afghanistan, and Iran, Islamic Research Foundation of Astane Quds Razavi, (2004).
Mousavi, Sayyed Fazlullah. International rivers rights emphasizing on the areas of Jordan Lithuania and managing and planning the water, Dadgostar publication, (2010).
Partow, Sistan Oasis Parched by Drought. In Atlas of Global Change. United Nations Environmental Program, Oxford University Press,(2003).
Articles
Ahmadi, Seyyed Abbas. The Helmand’s hydro-political survey, quarterly of teaching geography, Publications of Educational Planning and Research Organization of Ministry of Education, No. 67, Tehran, (2004).
Akbari, Narges, Mashhadi, Ali, & Kazemi Foroushani, Hussein. Legal dimensions of exploiting the Helmand, Quarterly of Public Law Research, 22nd period, No.68, (2020).
Analytical-news site of Asriran, Iran’s water right from the Helmand. Behind the injustice barrier of Afghans, the news code 177020, to the address: , reference, (2011).
Badiei Azandahi, Marjan, RahimiHarAbadi, Saeid, Goudarzimehr, Saeid. The role of morphological changes of the Helmand border river in political relations between Iran and Afghanistan, quarterly of human geography researches, publications of geography institute of Tehran University, No. 78, (2011).
Darvish, Muhammad, Environmental diplomacy: the way to save the Hamon and Sistan, Controlling desertification blog to the address: , reference, (2013).
Dabiri, M. R. Legal-Historical review of the Helmand river, Iranian diplomacy site, to the address: , reference, (2011).
Ezati, E., Muhammad Hassan Khazri, Nik farjam, Mahboubeh, An analysis on hydro-politics of East of Iran, quarterly periodical of modern attitudes in human geography, fourth year, first number, (2011).
Ezati, Nasrollah, Heydari pour, Esfandiar and Eqbali, Naser, The role and position of border regions preparation in the planning system (case study: border areas of Iran), quarterly periodical of modern attitudes in human geography, third year, No.4, (2011).
Hafez Nia, M. R., Mojtahedzadeh, P. & Alizadeh, J. Hydropolitics of Helmand and its impact on political relations between Iran and Afghanistan, quarterly of human science teacher, 10th period, No. 2, (2006).
Kavyanirad, Morad, Hydro-political relations between Iran and Afghanistan, Quarterly of strategic studies, the research institute of strategic studies, No.28, eighth year, second number, (2005).
Keyvan Hosseini, Asqar, Consequences of Afghanistan crisis on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Magazine of defensive politics, No.20-21, (1997).
Klar, Michael, New geography of disputes, translation: Omid Rezaei Eskandari, Quarterly of foreign politics, Publications of the Office of International and Political Studies of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, sixteenth year, No.1. (2002).
Molazehi, Pir Muhammad, Iran’s water right from the Helmand, poppy bushes, news code 35168, Tabnak site to the address: , reference (2015).
Moosazadeh, Reza, Abbaszadeh, Morteza, Legal Aspects of Exploitation of Hirmand Border River by Iran and Afghanistan, Central Asia and The Caucasus journal, Volume 22, Issue 93 (2016).
Mianabadi, Hojjat, Mostert, Erik, Hydro-politics of Hirmand river, water dispute between Iran and Afghanistan, NCR-DAYS 2011 Conference, 27-28 October, TU Delft, Netherlands (2011).
Nami, Muhammad Hassan, Muhammad Pour, Ali, Hydro-political survey of west areas of the country (sample: Zab, Sirvan, Alvand), Magazine of Geography and regional development, 14th number, Publications of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (2010).
Najafi, A., & Vatan Fada, J. The importance of comprehensive management of water resources in transboundary drainage water, study sample; the Helmand transboundary river, 4th Iran water resources conference, Publications of Amirkabir University of Technology (2011).
Naseri Larijani, N. Interactions between the rights of treaties and the rights of international liability to justify not-fulfillment of international commitments, Magazine of international rights, 27th year, No.42, (2020).
Poorhashemi, A. Emergence of “International Environmental Law”: as a new branch of International Public Law”. CIFILE Journal of International Law, 1(2), 33-39. DOI: 10.30489/cifj.2020.218985.1013 (2020).
Poorhashemi, A. Opportunities and Challenges Facing the Future Development of International Environmental Law. In: Gökçekuş, H., Kassem, Y. (eds) Climate Change, Natural Resources and Sustainable Environmental Management. NRSEM 2021. Environmental Earth Sciences. Springer, Cham. (2022).
Pourmirza, A. The role of Helmand River on the relations between Iran and Afghanistan, jamejamonline site, News code 100004202956, to the address: , reference, (2002).
Rahmanian, D., & Boraghi, D. The position of the Helmand water issue in the relations between Iran and Afghanistan during the reign of Reza Shah, History of Iran, Tehran, No. 64-65, (2010).
Raoufi, M. M., Qanbari, M. Effects of climate change and drought on biodiversity of the Hamoun’s wetland and the health of Sistan, Pure man-Pure Earth Center website, to the address: , reference, (2012).
Saed, N. Drawing the horizons of the world strategic affairs in the 2030s, English perception, periodical of strategic information, No. 47, (2007).
Saed, N., & Qasem, A. Comparative-defensive diplomacy and drawing its management pattern organism in the Islamic Republic of Iran, quarterly of defensive strategy, No. 24, (2011).
Saloor, A. The Helmand River, and the water rights dispute, quarterly of contemporary history of Iran, sixth year, No. 21-22, (2002).
Safaee Mehr, M., & Tayebi, S. Evolution of relations between Iran and Afghanistan regarding the Helmand river, National Congress on border settlement of sustainable development and investment opportunities, Parsabad city, Islamic Azad University –ParsabadMoghan Branch, , reference, (2014).
Shokri, A., Moftakhari, H., & Hosseini, M. The historical problem of Helmand and solutions to reduce the challenges caused by it, Journal of Historical Researches of Iran and Islam (JHRIS), Volume 16, Issue 30 - Serial Number 30, (2022).
Tayebi, S. & Esmaili Fard, M. Application of defensive diplomacy on the way of advancing the environmental diplomacy, Quarterly of defensive diplomacy, No.7, (2015).
Wikipedia, Relations between Iran and Afghanistan, from the free encyclopedia of Wikipedia to the address: (2014).
Zavari, M. Security consequences of water crisis for the future Iran; relying on forty possible scenarios, periodical of futurology, No. 10, (2014).
Zarif, M. J. Letter from Iran to the UN Secretary-General: Blockage of water flow in the Hirmand River (A/57/644-S/2002/1364), Fifty-seventh session, Agenda item 87, Environment and sustainable development, from UN Security Council, ,Published on 13 Dec (2002).
Thesis
Alizadeh, J. Hydropolitics of the Helmand and its impact on political relations between Iran and Afghanistan, Master’s thesis, Tehran, Publications of Tarbiat Modares University (2014).

**************************************************************************************************

كيفية الاقتباس
بورهاشمي ع. ., طيبي ص. ., & بورناجي م. ف. . (2024). الدبلوماسية غير المتجانسة للعلاقات السياسية بين إيران وأفغانستان في استغلال مياه نهر هلمند الحدودي. المجلة الدولية للقانون, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2024.0289
القسم
الأبحاث باللغة الإنجليزية