The Documentary Scope of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Articles Under the Qatari Maritime Law and International conventions
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Published
Nov 14, 2019
Abstract
The contract of carriage of goods by sea is regulated under the Qatari Maritime Law No. 15 of 1980 in Articles 143–167. From these articles, it is inferred that they are only applicable to contract of carriage evidenced by a bill of lading. Thus, the documentary scope of the rules is very limited in a sense that it is inoperative on other types of documents evidencing the contract of carriage. The objective of this paper is to show whether the trend of the Qatari legislature in such regard is made in line with the international conventions pertaining to the carriage of goods by sea. The documentary scope of the QML is inconsistent with the international move toward widening the documentary scope to cover all documents made in connection with a contract of carriage, regardless of its type.
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Keywords
The contract of carriage of goods by seaBill of ladingQatari maritime law
References
3.5 Million customs transactions processed through Alnadeeb System, Alraya Newspaper (Feb. 25, 2016) http://www.raya.com/news/pages/c06b55ec-5228-468c-aad2-fd376bd7aba4.
Ababneh, Mahmoud, The Provisions of the Contract of Carriage (2015).
Adascalitei, Oana, Implications of the bill of lading usage in the process of goods transportation by sea, 20 Constanta Mar. Uni. Annals, 183 (2013).
Alba, Manuel, Electronic commerce provisions in the UNCITRAL Convention on contracts for the international carriage of goods wholly or partly by sea, 44 Tex. Int’l. L.J. 387 (2009).
Alahhar, Alaa, and Alkhateeb, Anwar, Qatar is expanding by air and sea: Launching new navigational routes, Al Araby, https://www.alaraby.co.uk/economy/2017/6/15/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9 (last visited Oct. 11, 2017).
Aldeen, Ahmad Sharaf, The Basis of Proof in Civil and Commercial Provisions (2004).
Alkhanji: Continuous launching of shipping routes, Alwatan (Sep. 6, 2017) http://www.al-watan.com/news-details/id/95209.
Ahmad, Wael Hamdi, The Electronic Contract of International Carriage of Goods by Sea (2013).
Ahmed, Mohammed Shareef Abdulrahman, Proving Contracts Concluded by Audio and Visual Means (2007).
Balqayed, Beseed, The Contract of Carriage of Goods by Sea According to the Algerian Maritime Law and International Conventions (2011-2012) (unpublished Master thesis, Abi Bakr Balqayed University)
Berlingieri, Francesco, A Comparative Analysis of the Hague-Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules, Paper delivered at the General Assembly of the AMD, Marrakesh (2009).
Boss, Amelia H., The international commercial use of electronic data interchange and electronic communications technologies, 46 Bus. Law. 1787 (1991).
The Carriage of Goods by Sea under the Rotterdam Rules (Rhidian Thomas ed., 2010).
Force, Robert, A. N. Yiannopoulos, and Martin Davies, Admiralty and Maritime Law (2012).
Elshayyal, Jamal, Qatar’s emir officially inaugurates Hamad Port, Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/video/news/2017/09/qatar-emir-officially-inaugurates-hamad-port-170905110351179.html (last visited Oct. 11, 2017).
Hamad Port is the biggest port in the Middle East, Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/citiesandregions/2017/6/17/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1 (last visited Oct. 10, 2017).
Hatoom, Wajdi, The Sea Carriage (2011).
Ghannam, Shareef Mohammed, The Obligations and Liability of the Shipper (2012).
Global Competitiveness Index, World Economic Index, http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2015-2016/economies/#economy=QAT (last visited Sep. 19, 2016).
Joko-Smart, H. M., The United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea: The Hamburg Rules 1978, (1989).
H.E. Minister of Transport & Communications inaugurates 5th Annual Arab Future Cities Summit 2016 Monday, http://www.ictqatar.qa/en/news-events/news/he-minister-transport-communications-inaugurates-5th-annual-arab-future-cities (last visited Aug. 9, 2016).
Hamad Port handles 27% of regional trade: Al Sulaiti, The Peninsula (Sept. 6, 2017) https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/06/09/2017/Hamad-Port-handles-27-of-regional-trade-Al-Sulaiti.
Integrated transport system strengthens efforts to diversify the Qatari economy, Alsharq Newspaper (Jan. 16, 2016) http://www.al-sharq.com/news/details/397615.
Interview with Shipping Agency Department, Qatar Navigation Company [Milaha] (Apr. 19, 2016).
Interview with the Port Services Department manager, Qatar Navigation Company [Milaha] (Apr. 19, 2016).
Kelani, Amal Mohamed, Litigation in Contract of Carriage of Goods by Sea (2012).
Mandelbaum, Samuel Robert, Creating uniform worldwide liability standards for sea carriage of goods under The Hague, COGSA, Visby and Hamburg Conventions, 23 Transp. L.J. 471 (1995–1996).
Musa, Mohamed Ibraheem, Electronic Bills of Lading: The Reality and Hope (2016).
MOTC organizes seminar on digital transformation, http://www.ictqatar.qa/en/news-events/news/motc-organizes-seminar-digital-transformation (last visited Aug. 9, 2016).
New report reveals how ICT is helping to transform businesses in Qatar, http://www.ictqatar.qa/en/news-events/news/new-report-reveals-how-ict-helping-transform-businesses-qatar (last visited Aug. 9, 2016).
Qatar keen on integrated transport system: Sulaiti, Doha Tribune (Feb. 27, 2015) http://archive.qatar-tribune.com/viewnews.aspx?d=20150227&cat=nation1&pge=1.
Qatar makes giant leaps in roads, ports and airport infrastructure quality, http://mot.gov.qa/en/MediaCenter/Pages/Qatar-Makes-Giant-Leaps-in-Roads,-Ports-and-Airport-Infrastructure-Quality.aspx (last visited Aug. 9, 2016).
Qatar National Vision 2030, http://www.qu.edu.qa/pharmacy/components/upcoming_events_material/Qatar_National_Vision_2030.pdf (last visited Aug. 9, 2016).
Qatar: ‘No justification’ for cutting diplomatic ties, Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/qatar-justification-cutting-diplomatic-ties-170605073154112.html (last visited Oct. 11, 2017).
Qatar says new port will help circumvent Arab sanctions, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-qatar-port/qatar-says-new-port-will-help-circumvent-arab-sanctions-idUSKCN1BG1RP (last visited Oct. 11, 2017).
Ocean Bills of Lading: Traditional Forms, Substitutes, and EDI Systems (Athanassios N. Yiannopoulos ed., 1995).
Report Qatar 2015: Transport, Oxford Business Group (2015) http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/qatar-2015/transport
Report Qatar 2015: Upgrades to Qatar's Transport Infrastructure Kick Off, Oxford Business Group (2015) http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/upgrades-qatars-transport-infrastructure-kick
Richardson, John, A Guide to The Hague and Hague Visby Rules (3rd ed., 1994).
The Rotterdam Rules 2008 (Alexander Von Ziegler, Johan Schelin, and Stefano Zunarelli eds., 2010).
Shoeb, Mohammad, Investments to spur growth in real estate market: SAK, The Peninsula (Oct. 2, 2017) https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/02/10/2017/Investments-to-spur-growth-in-real-estate-market-SAK.
Starting Trans 4 with local and gulf wide participation, Alwatan Newspaper (Nov. 27, 2013) http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=C556ED96-D436-49E6-9ED4-98D3040518B7&d=20131127.
Taha, Mustafa Kamal, The Maritime Law (2009).
Tetley, William, Marine Cargo Claims (4th ed., 2004).
The Transport Sector is the top amongst infrastructure projects, Alraya Newspaper (July 8, 2015) http://www.raya.com/news/pages/7d51d038-f226-424f-8903-4d9755ea544e.
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (Meltem Deniz Guner-Ozbek ed., 2011).
Vessel arrivals at Hamad Port surge 47% in August, Gulf Times (Oct. 10, 2017) http://www.gulf-times.com/story/566886/Vessel-arrivals-at-Hamad-Port-surge-47-in-August.
Cases
Pyrene Co. v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co., [1954] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 321 (U.K.).
International Materials
First Protocol to the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading, 1968 (Visby Rules).
International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading, 1924 (Hague Rules).
SDR Protocol to the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading, 1979 (SDR amendment).
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, 2008 (Rotterdam Rules).
United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 1978 (Hamburg Rules).
Legislations
Bahraini Maritime Law No. 23 of 1982.
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA), 46 U.S.C. § 1300-1315 (2012).
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1971 (U.K.).
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1992 (U.K.).
Decree Law Issuing the Kuwaiti Maritime Commercial Law No. 28 of 1980.
Decree Law on the Promulgation of the Electronic Commerce and Transactions Law No. 16 of 2010 (Qatar).
Decree Law regulating Qatar’s maritime ports No. 29 of 1966.
Egyptian Maritime Commercial Law No. 8 of 1991.
Harter Act, 46 U.S.C. $ 190–196 (1893).
Jordanian Maritime Authority Law No. 47 of 2002.
Jordanian Maritime Commercial Law No. 12 of 1972 as amended by Law No. 35 of 1983.
Omani Maritime Law No. 35 of 1981.
Qatari Civil Law No. 22 of 2004.
Qatari Commercial Agents Law No. 8 of 2002.
Qatari Commercial Companies Law No. 11 of 2015.
Qatari Commercial Law No. 27 of 2006.
Qatari Maritime Law No. 15 of 1980.
United Arab Emirates Maritime Commercial Law No. 26 of 1980.
Ababneh, Mahmoud, The Provisions of the Contract of Carriage (2015).
Adascalitei, Oana, Implications of the bill of lading usage in the process of goods transportation by sea, 20 Constanta Mar. Uni. Annals, 183 (2013).
Alba, Manuel, Electronic commerce provisions in the UNCITRAL Convention on contracts for the international carriage of goods wholly or partly by sea, 44 Tex. Int’l. L.J. 387 (2009).
Alahhar, Alaa, and Alkhateeb, Anwar, Qatar is expanding by air and sea: Launching new navigational routes, Al Araby, https://www.alaraby.co.uk/economy/2017/6/15/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7-%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9 (last visited Oct. 11, 2017).
Aldeen, Ahmad Sharaf, The Basis of Proof in Civil and Commercial Provisions (2004).
Alkhanji: Continuous launching of shipping routes, Alwatan (Sep. 6, 2017) http://www.al-watan.com/news-details/id/95209.
Ahmad, Wael Hamdi, The Electronic Contract of International Carriage of Goods by Sea (2013).
Ahmed, Mohammed Shareef Abdulrahman, Proving Contracts Concluded by Audio and Visual Means (2007).
Balqayed, Beseed, The Contract of Carriage of Goods by Sea According to the Algerian Maritime Law and International Conventions (2011-2012) (unpublished Master thesis, Abi Bakr Balqayed University)
Berlingieri, Francesco, A Comparative Analysis of the Hague-Visby Rules, the Hamburg Rules and the Rotterdam Rules, Paper delivered at the General Assembly of the AMD, Marrakesh (2009).
Boss, Amelia H., The international commercial use of electronic data interchange and electronic communications technologies, 46 Bus. Law. 1787 (1991).
The Carriage of Goods by Sea under the Rotterdam Rules (Rhidian Thomas ed., 2010).
Force, Robert, A. N. Yiannopoulos, and Martin Davies, Admiralty and Maritime Law (2012).
Elshayyal, Jamal, Qatar’s emir officially inaugurates Hamad Port, Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/video/news/2017/09/qatar-emir-officially-inaugurates-hamad-port-170905110351179.html (last visited Oct. 11, 2017).
Hamad Port is the biggest port in the Middle East, Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/citiesandregions/2017/6/17/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1 (last visited Oct. 10, 2017).
Hatoom, Wajdi, The Sea Carriage (2011).
Ghannam, Shareef Mohammed, The Obligations and Liability of the Shipper (2012).
Global Competitiveness Index, World Economic Index, http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2015-2016/economies/#economy=QAT (last visited Sep. 19, 2016).
Joko-Smart, H. M., The United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea: The Hamburg Rules 1978, (1989).
H.E. Minister of Transport & Communications inaugurates 5th Annual Arab Future Cities Summit 2016 Monday, http://www.ictqatar.qa/en/news-events/news/he-minister-transport-communications-inaugurates-5th-annual-arab-future-cities (last visited Aug. 9, 2016).
Hamad Port handles 27% of regional trade: Al Sulaiti, The Peninsula (Sept. 6, 2017) https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/06/09/2017/Hamad-Port-handles-27-of-regional-trade-Al-Sulaiti.
Integrated transport system strengthens efforts to diversify the Qatari economy, Alsharq Newspaper (Jan. 16, 2016) http://www.al-sharq.com/news/details/397615.
Interview with Shipping Agency Department, Qatar Navigation Company [Milaha] (Apr. 19, 2016).
Interview with the Port Services Department manager, Qatar Navigation Company [Milaha] (Apr. 19, 2016).
Kelani, Amal Mohamed, Litigation in Contract of Carriage of Goods by Sea (2012).
Mandelbaum, Samuel Robert, Creating uniform worldwide liability standards for sea carriage of goods under The Hague, COGSA, Visby and Hamburg Conventions, 23 Transp. L.J. 471 (1995–1996).
Musa, Mohamed Ibraheem, Electronic Bills of Lading: The Reality and Hope (2016).
MOTC organizes seminar on digital transformation, http://www.ictqatar.qa/en/news-events/news/motc-organizes-seminar-digital-transformation (last visited Aug. 9, 2016).
New report reveals how ICT is helping to transform businesses in Qatar, http://www.ictqatar.qa/en/news-events/news/new-report-reveals-how-ict-helping-transform-businesses-qatar (last visited Aug. 9, 2016).
Qatar keen on integrated transport system: Sulaiti, Doha Tribune (Feb. 27, 2015) http://archive.qatar-tribune.com/viewnews.aspx?d=20150227&cat=nation1&pge=1.
Qatar makes giant leaps in roads, ports and airport infrastructure quality, http://mot.gov.qa/en/MediaCenter/Pages/Qatar-Makes-Giant-Leaps-in-Roads,-Ports-and-Airport-Infrastructure-Quality.aspx (last visited Aug. 9, 2016).
Qatar National Vision 2030, http://www.qu.edu.qa/pharmacy/components/upcoming_events_material/Qatar_National_Vision_2030.pdf (last visited Aug. 9, 2016).
Qatar: ‘No justification’ for cutting diplomatic ties, Al Jazeera, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/06/qatar-justification-cutting-diplomatic-ties-170605073154112.html (last visited Oct. 11, 2017).
Qatar says new port will help circumvent Arab sanctions, Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-qatar-port/qatar-says-new-port-will-help-circumvent-arab-sanctions-idUSKCN1BG1RP (last visited Oct. 11, 2017).
Ocean Bills of Lading: Traditional Forms, Substitutes, and EDI Systems (Athanassios N. Yiannopoulos ed., 1995).
Report Qatar 2015: Transport, Oxford Business Group (2015) http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/qatar-2015/transport
Report Qatar 2015: Upgrades to Qatar's Transport Infrastructure Kick Off, Oxford Business Group (2015) http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/upgrades-qatars-transport-infrastructure-kick
Richardson, John, A Guide to The Hague and Hague Visby Rules (3rd ed., 1994).
The Rotterdam Rules 2008 (Alexander Von Ziegler, Johan Schelin, and Stefano Zunarelli eds., 2010).
Shoeb, Mohammad, Investments to spur growth in real estate market: SAK, The Peninsula (Oct. 2, 2017) https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/02/10/2017/Investments-to-spur-growth-in-real-estate-market-SAK.
Starting Trans 4 with local and gulf wide participation, Alwatan Newspaper (Nov. 27, 2013) http://archive.al-watan.com/viewnews.aspx?n=C556ED96-D436-49E6-9ED4-98D3040518B7&d=20131127.
Taha, Mustafa Kamal, The Maritime Law (2009).
Tetley, William, Marine Cargo Claims (4th ed., 2004).
The Transport Sector is the top amongst infrastructure projects, Alraya Newspaper (July 8, 2015) http://www.raya.com/news/pages/7d51d038-f226-424f-8903-4d9755ea544e.
The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (Meltem Deniz Guner-Ozbek ed., 2011).
Vessel arrivals at Hamad Port surge 47% in August, Gulf Times (Oct. 10, 2017) http://www.gulf-times.com/story/566886/Vessel-arrivals-at-Hamad-Port-surge-47-in-August.
Cases
Pyrene Co. v. Scindia Steam Navigation Co., [1954] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 321 (U.K.).
International Materials
First Protocol to the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading, 1968 (Visby Rules).
International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading, 1924 (Hague Rules).
SDR Protocol to the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law relating to Bills of Lading, 1979 (SDR amendment).
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, 2008 (Rotterdam Rules).
United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 1978 (Hamburg Rules).
Legislations
Bahraini Maritime Law No. 23 of 1982.
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA), 46 U.S.C. § 1300-1315 (2012).
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1971 (U.K.).
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1992 (U.K.).
Decree Law Issuing the Kuwaiti Maritime Commercial Law No. 28 of 1980.
Decree Law on the Promulgation of the Electronic Commerce and Transactions Law No. 16 of 2010 (Qatar).
Decree Law regulating Qatar’s maritime ports No. 29 of 1966.
Egyptian Maritime Commercial Law No. 8 of 1991.
Harter Act, 46 U.S.C. $ 190–196 (1893).
Jordanian Maritime Authority Law No. 47 of 2002.
Jordanian Maritime Commercial Law No. 12 of 1972 as amended by Law No. 35 of 1983.
Omani Maritime Law No. 35 of 1981.
Qatari Civil Law No. 22 of 2004.
Qatari Commercial Agents Law No. 8 of 2002.
Qatari Commercial Companies Law No. 11 of 2015.
Qatari Commercial Law No. 27 of 2006.
Qatari Maritime Law No. 15 of 1980.
United Arab Emirates Maritime Commercial Law No. 26 of 1980.
How to Cite
Al-Marzouqi, . M. M. . (2019). The Documentary Scope of the Carriage of Goods by Sea Articles Under the Qatari Maritime Law and International conventions. International Review of Law, 2018(2&3). https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2018.0018
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