The Causal Model for the Relationship between Emotional Understanding, Active Listening and Psychologists Communication Patterns during Counseling Sessions
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Nov 20, 2023
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Abstract
Objectives of the study: The current study aimed to build a proposed modeling of the relationship between emotional understanding, active listening and forms of Psychologists communication patterns with clients during the counseling sessions.
Methodology: To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive (relational) approach was used. The sample of the study consisted of (224) psychologists who provide psychological care services to clients in Riyadh. Three different scales were used as instruments of the study and were prepared by AL Tarawna (2019), Asia, Hiraizumi & Hanzawa (2020) and Al Sameuhi (2015).
Results: The results of the study showed that there were statistically significant correlations at level (α≤0.05) between the emotional understanding, the active listening, and Psychologists communication patterns with clients during the counseling sessions, and the presence of a direct and statistically significant effect for each of the emotional understanding and active listening on the forms of Psychologists communication patterns with clients during the counseling sessions, as the correlation coefficient (R) (0.622), and that there were no direct effects that were statistically significant at the significance level (α≤0.05) for effective listening on emotional understanding, as the correlation coefficient (R) (0.018), Finally, the path analysis coefficients indicated that the listening scale (as an independent variable) explains up to (20.1%) of the variance of the variable (communication patterns followed with the clients during the counseling sessions).
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Keywords
Emotional understandingActive listeningCounselors communication patternsPsychologistsCounseling session
References
Abū al-Nūr, Muḥammad; wkhṭāṭbh, Yaḥyá; Muḥammad, Āmāl. (2018). Field training in the fields of psychology (between theory and practice) (in Arabic). Dār al-Zahrāʼ lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, al-Riyāḍ.
Afifi, A., & Weiner, J. L. (2004). Toward a theory of motivated information management. Communication Theory, 14(2), 167-190.
Alʻāsmy, Riyāḍ. (2015). Clinical Positive Psychology, Part 2 (in Arabic). Dār alāʻṣār, ʻAmmān.
al-Fiqī, Ismāʻīl. (2016). Evaluation and psychological and educational measurement (in Arabic). Maktabat al-Rushd, al-Riyāḍ.
Alsmwḥy, Anwar. (2015). Conflict of professional roles and patterns of communication with patients among physicians in Jordan (in Arabic), Risālat mājistīr ghayr manshūrah. Jāmiʻat al-Yarmūk, Jordan.
al-Ṭarāwinah, Huwaydā. (2019). Emotional understanding and its relationship to intellectual security among Mu'tah University students (in Arabic), Risālat mājistīr ghayr manshūrah, Jāmiʻat Muʼtah, al-Urdun.
al-Zaghūl, ʻImād wālhndāwy, ʻAlī. (2015). Introduction to Psychology. 8th ed. (in Arabic). Dār al-Kitāb al-Jāmiʻī, ʻAyn.
Andersen, A. & Andersen, F. (2005). Measurements of perceived nonverbal immediacy. In V. L. Manusov (Ed.), The sourcebook of nonverbal measures: Going beyond words (pp. 113–126). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anvari, M., Hill, E., & Kivlighan, M. (2020). Therapist skills associated with client emotional expression in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 30(7), 900-911.
Asai, K., Hiraizumi, T., & Hanzawa, R. (2020). Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the active-emphatic listening scale. BMC psychology, 8(1), 1-11.
Beatty, J. (1999). Good listening. Educational Theory, 49, 281-298.
Bodie, D, Vickery, J. Cannava, K., & Jones, M. (2015). The role of “active listening” in informal helping conversations: Impact on perceptions of listener helpfulness, sensitivity, and supportiveness and discloser emotional improvement. Western Journal of Communication, 79(2), 151-173.
Bodie, D, Worthington, D., Imhof, M., & Cooper, O. (2008). What would a unified field of listening look like? A proposal linking past perspectives and future endeavors. International Journal of Listening, 22: 103–122.
Bodie, D. (2011). The Active-Empathic Listening Scale (AELS): Conceptualization and evidence of validity within the interpersonal domain. Communication Quarterly, 59(3), 277-295.
Bodie, D., Vickery, J., & Gearhart, C. (2013). The nature of supportive listening, I: Exploring the relation between supportive listeners and supportive people. International Journal of Listening, 27(1), 39-49.
Brink, E. & Costigan, D. (2015). Oral communication skills: Are the priorities of the workplace and AACSB-accredited business programs aligned? Academy of Management Learning & Education, 14, 205-221.
Brown, T., Yu, L., & Etherington, J. (2020). Are listening and interpersonal communication skills predictive of professionalism in undergraduate occupational therapy students?. Health Professions Education, 6(2), 187-200.
Bryant, L. (2009). The art of active listening. Practice Nurse, 37(6), 49-52.
Burleson, R. (2003). Emotional support skills. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Bwkhnws, Sārah. (2018). Health Beliefs: A theoretical take-up. (in Arabic), Journal of Studies in Health Psychology (7), 148-160.
Cahour, B. (2006). Les affects insinuation d'interaction coopérative: Proposition méthodologique. Le travail humain, 69(4), 379-400.
Corey, G. (2012). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Cengage Learning.
David, A. (2017). Therapist beliefs, emotional reactions, and response styles to distressed clients. Unpolished doctoral of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, State University of New York.
Delory-Momberger, C. (2010). La part du récit. L'orientation scolaire ET professionnelle, (39/1), 101-109.
DeVilbiss, S. (2013). An analysis of occupational therapists’ listening behaviors during treatment sessions. Unpublished Master degree, Dominican University of California.
Elliott, R., Bohart, C., Watson, C., & Greenberg, S. (2011). Empathy. Psychotherapy, 48, 43-49.
Fedesco, H. N. (2015). The impact of (In) effective listening on interpersonal interactions. International Journal of Listening, 29(2), 103-106.
Gearhart, G. & Bodie, D. (2011). Active-empathic listening as a general social skill: Evidence from bivariate and canonical correlations. Communication Reports, 24, 86-98.
Gerdes, E., Segal, A., & Lietz, C. A. (2010). Conceptualizing and measuring empathy. British Journal of Social Work, 40(7), 2326–2343.
Hill, E., Roffman, M. Stahl, J. Friedman, S. Hummel, A., & Wallace, C. (2008). Helping skills training for undergraduates: Outcomes and prediction of outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 359–370.
Hojat, M. (2007). Empathy in patient care: Antecedents, development, measurement, and outcomes. Springer Science & Business Media.
Jones, M, Bodie, D., & Hughes, D. (2019). The impact of mindfulness on empathy, active listening, and perceived provisions of emotional support. Communication Research, 46(6), 838-865.
Jones, M. (2011). Supportive listening. The Intl. Journal of Listening, 25(1-2), 85-103.
Karakus Taysi, E. (2019). The effect of listening attitude and listening anxiety on listening comprehension: A regression model. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 356-364.
Kwon, I. & Jo, Y. (2012). The relationship among counselor experience level, empathic accuracy, and counseling outcome in the early phase of counseling. Asia Pacific Education Review, 13(4), 771-777.
Lambert, J. & Barley, E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 357-361.
Lester, E. (2002). Crisis intervention and counseling by telephone. Charles C Thomas Publisher.
Levitt, H. (2002). Active listening and counselor self-efficacy: Emphasis on one microskill in beginning counselor training. The clinical supervisor, 20(2), 101-115.
Lewis, H. & Reinsch, L. (1988). Listening in organizational environments. Journal of Business Communication, 25(3), 49-67.
Machado, P, Beutler, E., & Greenberg, S. (1999). Emotion recognition in psychotherapy: Impact of therapist level of experience and emotional awareness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 39-57.
McLeod, J. & McLeod, J. (2011). Counselling skills: A practical guide for counsellors and helping professionals (2nd ed.), London: McGraw-Hill.
Nelson-Jones, R. (2015). Basic counselling skills: A helper′ s manual. Sage
Paukert, A., Stagner, B., & Hope, K. (2004). The assessment of active listening skills in helpline volunteers. Stress, Trauma, and Crisis, 7(1), 61-76.
Prout, A., & Wadkins, J. (2014). Essential interviewing and counseling skills: An integrated approach to practice. Springer Publishing Company.
Ramseyer, T. (2020). Exploring the evolution of nonverbal synchrony in psychotherapy: The idiographic perspective provides a different picture. Psychotherapy research, 30(5), 622-634.
Ruiz-Sancho, M., Froján-Parga, X., & Calero-Elvira, A. (2013). Functional analysis of the verbal interaction between psychologist and client during the therapeutic process. Behavior modification, 37(4), 516-542.
Scherer, R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (Eds.). (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Oxford University Press.
Soma, S., Baucom, R., Xiao, B., Butner, E., Hilpert, P., Narayanan, S., & Imel, E. (2020). Co-regulation of therapist and client emotion during psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 30(5), 591-603.
Sommers-Flanagan, J. & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2018). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice: Skills, strategies, and techniques. John Wiley & Sons.
Sprung, M., Münch, M., Harris, L., Ebesutani, C., & Hofmann, G. (2015). Children's emotion understanding: A meta-analysis of training studies. Developmental Review, 37, 41-65.
Stanley, M. Bradbury, N., & Markman, J. (2000). Structural flaws in the bridge from basic research on marriage to interventions for couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(1), 256-264.
Sunnafrank, J. & Ramirez, A. (2004). At first sight: Persistent relational effects of get-acquainted conversations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21; 361–379.
Trenholm, S. & Jensen, A. (2004). Interpersonal communication. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Van Berkhout, T. & Malouff, J. M. (2016). The efficacy of empathy training: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of counseling psychology, 63(1), 32-41.
Van Hasselt, V. Baker, M. Romano, S. Schlessinger, K. M., Zucker, M. Dragone, R., & Perera, L. (2006). Crisis (hostage) negotiation training: A preliminary evaluation of program efficacy. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 56–69.
Weger Jr, H., Castle, G., Minei, M., & Robinson, C. (2014). The relative effectiveness of active listening in initial interactions. International Journal of Listening, 28(1), 13-31.
Weger Jr, H., Castle, R., & Emmett, C. (2010). Active listening in peer interviews: The influence of message paraphrasing on perceptions of listening skill. The Intl. Journal of Listening, 24(1), 34-49.
Westland, G. (2015). Verbal and non-verbal communication in psychotherapy. WW Norton & Company.
Yoon, S., Kim, S., Kim, J., & You, Y. (2016). A study on the impact of consultants’ nonverbal communication on customer satisfaction, trust, and long-term relationship orientation of the client firm. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(26), 1-8.
Young, W. & Cates, M. (2010). Listening, play, and social attraction in the mentoring of new teachers. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 18, 215–231.
***********************************************************************************************
أبو النور، محمد وخطاطبة، يحيى ومحمد، آمال. (2018). التدريب الميداني في مجالات علم النفس (بين النظرية والتطبيق). دار الزهراء للنشر والتوزيع، الرياض، السعودية.
الزغول، عماد والهنداوي، علي. (2015). مدخل إلى علم النفس. ط8. دار الكتاب الجامعي، العين، الإمارات.
السموحي، أنور. (2015). صراع الأدوار المهنية وأنماط الاتصال مع المرضى لدى الأطباء في الأردن. رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة. جامعة اليرموك، الأردن.
الطراونة، هويدا. (2019). التفهم الوجداني وعلاقته بالأمن الفكري لدى طلبة جامعة مؤته. رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، جامعة مؤته، الأردن.
العاسمي، رياض. (2015). علم النفس الإيجابي الاكلينيكي، ج2. دار الإعصار، عمان، الأردن.
الفقي، إسماعيل (2016). التقويم والقياس النفسي والتربوي. مكتبة الرشد، الرياض، السعودية.
بوخنوس، سارة. (2018). المعتقدات الصحية: تناول نظري. مجلة دراسات في علم نفس الصحة ع 7، 148-160.
Afifi, A., & Weiner, J. L. (2004). Toward a theory of motivated information management. Communication Theory, 14(2), 167-190.
Alʻāsmy, Riyāḍ. (2015). Clinical Positive Psychology, Part 2 (in Arabic). Dār alāʻṣār, ʻAmmān.
al-Fiqī, Ismāʻīl. (2016). Evaluation and psychological and educational measurement (in Arabic). Maktabat al-Rushd, al-Riyāḍ.
Alsmwḥy, Anwar. (2015). Conflict of professional roles and patterns of communication with patients among physicians in Jordan (in Arabic), Risālat mājistīr ghayr manshūrah. Jāmiʻat al-Yarmūk, Jordan.
al-Ṭarāwinah, Huwaydā. (2019). Emotional understanding and its relationship to intellectual security among Mu'tah University students (in Arabic), Risālat mājistīr ghayr manshūrah, Jāmiʻat Muʼtah, al-Urdun.
al-Zaghūl, ʻImād wālhndāwy, ʻAlī. (2015). Introduction to Psychology. 8th ed. (in Arabic). Dār al-Kitāb al-Jāmiʻī, ʻAyn.
Andersen, A. & Andersen, F. (2005). Measurements of perceived nonverbal immediacy. In V. L. Manusov (Ed.), The sourcebook of nonverbal measures: Going beyond words (pp. 113–126). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Anvari, M., Hill, E., & Kivlighan, M. (2020). Therapist skills associated with client emotional expression in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 30(7), 900-911.
Asai, K., Hiraizumi, T., & Hanzawa, R. (2020). Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the active-emphatic listening scale. BMC psychology, 8(1), 1-11.
Beatty, J. (1999). Good listening. Educational Theory, 49, 281-298.
Bodie, D, Vickery, J. Cannava, K., & Jones, M. (2015). The role of “active listening” in informal helping conversations: Impact on perceptions of listener helpfulness, sensitivity, and supportiveness and discloser emotional improvement. Western Journal of Communication, 79(2), 151-173.
Bodie, D, Worthington, D., Imhof, M., & Cooper, O. (2008). What would a unified field of listening look like? A proposal linking past perspectives and future endeavors. International Journal of Listening, 22: 103–122.
Bodie, D. (2011). The Active-Empathic Listening Scale (AELS): Conceptualization and evidence of validity within the interpersonal domain. Communication Quarterly, 59(3), 277-295.
Bodie, D., Vickery, J., & Gearhart, C. (2013). The nature of supportive listening, I: Exploring the relation between supportive listeners and supportive people. International Journal of Listening, 27(1), 39-49.
Brink, E. & Costigan, D. (2015). Oral communication skills: Are the priorities of the workplace and AACSB-accredited business programs aligned? Academy of Management Learning & Education, 14, 205-221.
Brown, T., Yu, L., & Etherington, J. (2020). Are listening and interpersonal communication skills predictive of professionalism in undergraduate occupational therapy students?. Health Professions Education, 6(2), 187-200.
Bryant, L. (2009). The art of active listening. Practice Nurse, 37(6), 49-52.
Burleson, R. (2003). Emotional support skills. In J. O. Greene & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Bwkhnws, Sārah. (2018). Health Beliefs: A theoretical take-up. (in Arabic), Journal of Studies in Health Psychology (7), 148-160.
Cahour, B. (2006). Les affects insinuation d'interaction coopérative: Proposition méthodologique. Le travail humain, 69(4), 379-400.
Corey, G. (2012). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Cengage Learning.
David, A. (2017). Therapist beliefs, emotional reactions, and response styles to distressed clients. Unpolished doctoral of Philosophy, University at Buffalo, State University of New York.
Delory-Momberger, C. (2010). La part du récit. L'orientation scolaire ET professionnelle, (39/1), 101-109.
DeVilbiss, S. (2013). An analysis of occupational therapists’ listening behaviors during treatment sessions. Unpublished Master degree, Dominican University of California.
Elliott, R., Bohart, C., Watson, C., & Greenberg, S. (2011). Empathy. Psychotherapy, 48, 43-49.
Fedesco, H. N. (2015). The impact of (In) effective listening on interpersonal interactions. International Journal of Listening, 29(2), 103-106.
Gearhart, G. & Bodie, D. (2011). Active-empathic listening as a general social skill: Evidence from bivariate and canonical correlations. Communication Reports, 24, 86-98.
Gerdes, E., Segal, A., & Lietz, C. A. (2010). Conceptualizing and measuring empathy. British Journal of Social Work, 40(7), 2326–2343.
Hill, E., Roffman, M. Stahl, J. Friedman, S. Hummel, A., & Wallace, C. (2008). Helping skills training for undergraduates: Outcomes and prediction of outcomes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 359–370.
Hojat, M. (2007). Empathy in patient care: Antecedents, development, measurement, and outcomes. Springer Science & Business Media.
Jones, M, Bodie, D., & Hughes, D. (2019). The impact of mindfulness on empathy, active listening, and perceived provisions of emotional support. Communication Research, 46(6), 838-865.
Jones, M. (2011). Supportive listening. The Intl. Journal of Listening, 25(1-2), 85-103.
Karakus Taysi, E. (2019). The effect of listening attitude and listening anxiety on listening comprehension: A regression model. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 356-364.
Kwon, I. & Jo, Y. (2012). The relationship among counselor experience level, empathic accuracy, and counseling outcome in the early phase of counseling. Asia Pacific Education Review, 13(4), 771-777.
Lambert, J. & Barley, E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 357-361.
Lester, E. (2002). Crisis intervention and counseling by telephone. Charles C Thomas Publisher.
Levitt, H. (2002). Active listening and counselor self-efficacy: Emphasis on one microskill in beginning counselor training. The clinical supervisor, 20(2), 101-115.
Lewis, H. & Reinsch, L. (1988). Listening in organizational environments. Journal of Business Communication, 25(3), 49-67.
Machado, P, Beutler, E., & Greenberg, S. (1999). Emotion recognition in psychotherapy: Impact of therapist level of experience and emotional awareness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(1), 39-57.
McLeod, J. & McLeod, J. (2011). Counselling skills: A practical guide for counsellors and helping professionals (2nd ed.), London: McGraw-Hill.
Nelson-Jones, R. (2015). Basic counselling skills: A helper′ s manual. Sage
Paukert, A., Stagner, B., & Hope, K. (2004). The assessment of active listening skills in helpline volunteers. Stress, Trauma, and Crisis, 7(1), 61-76.
Prout, A., & Wadkins, J. (2014). Essential interviewing and counseling skills: An integrated approach to practice. Springer Publishing Company.
Ramseyer, T. (2020). Exploring the evolution of nonverbal synchrony in psychotherapy: The idiographic perspective provides a different picture. Psychotherapy research, 30(5), 622-634.
Ruiz-Sancho, M., Froján-Parga, X., & Calero-Elvira, A. (2013). Functional analysis of the verbal interaction between psychologist and client during the therapeutic process. Behavior modification, 37(4), 516-542.
Scherer, R., Schorr, A., & Johnstone, T. (Eds.). (2001). Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research. Oxford University Press.
Soma, S., Baucom, R., Xiao, B., Butner, E., Hilpert, P., Narayanan, S., & Imel, E. (2020). Co-regulation of therapist and client emotion during psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 30(5), 591-603.
Sommers-Flanagan, J. & Sommers-Flanagan, R. (2018). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice: Skills, strategies, and techniques. John Wiley & Sons.
Sprung, M., Münch, M., Harris, L., Ebesutani, C., & Hofmann, G. (2015). Children's emotion understanding: A meta-analysis of training studies. Developmental Review, 37, 41-65.
Stanley, M. Bradbury, N., & Markman, J. (2000). Structural flaws in the bridge from basic research on marriage to interventions for couples. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(1), 256-264.
Sunnafrank, J. & Ramirez, A. (2004). At first sight: Persistent relational effects of get-acquainted conversations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21; 361–379.
Trenholm, S. & Jensen, A. (2004). Interpersonal communication. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Van Berkhout, T. & Malouff, J. M. (2016). The efficacy of empathy training: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of counseling psychology, 63(1), 32-41.
Van Hasselt, V. Baker, M. Romano, S. Schlessinger, K. M., Zucker, M. Dragone, R., & Perera, L. (2006). Crisis (hostage) negotiation training: A preliminary evaluation of program efficacy. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 56–69.
Weger Jr, H., Castle, G., Minei, M., & Robinson, C. (2014). The relative effectiveness of active listening in initial interactions. International Journal of Listening, 28(1), 13-31.
Weger Jr, H., Castle, R., & Emmett, C. (2010). Active listening in peer interviews: The influence of message paraphrasing on perceptions of listening skill. The Intl. Journal of Listening, 24(1), 34-49.
Westland, G. (2015). Verbal and non-verbal communication in psychotherapy. WW Norton & Company.
Yoon, S., Kim, S., Kim, J., & You, Y. (2016). A study on the impact of consultants’ nonverbal communication on customer satisfaction, trust, and long-term relationship orientation of the client firm. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(26), 1-8.
Young, W. & Cates, M. (2010). Listening, play, and social attraction in the mentoring of new teachers. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 18, 215–231.
***********************************************************************************************
أبو النور، محمد وخطاطبة، يحيى ومحمد، آمال. (2018). التدريب الميداني في مجالات علم النفس (بين النظرية والتطبيق). دار الزهراء للنشر والتوزيع، الرياض، السعودية.
الزغول، عماد والهنداوي، علي. (2015). مدخل إلى علم النفس. ط8. دار الكتاب الجامعي، العين، الإمارات.
السموحي، أنور. (2015). صراع الأدوار المهنية وأنماط الاتصال مع المرضى لدى الأطباء في الأردن. رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة. جامعة اليرموك، الأردن.
الطراونة، هويدا. (2019). التفهم الوجداني وعلاقته بالأمن الفكري لدى طلبة جامعة مؤته. رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، جامعة مؤته، الأردن.
العاسمي، رياض. (2015). علم النفس الإيجابي الاكلينيكي، ج2. دار الإعصار، عمان، الأردن.
الفقي، إسماعيل (2016). التقويم والقياس النفسي والتربوي. مكتبة الرشد، الرياض، السعودية.
بوخنوس، سارة. (2018). المعتقدات الصحية: تناول نظري. مجلة دراسات في علم نفس الصحة ع 7، 148-160.
How to Cite
Katatbh, Yahiya Mubarak S. 2023. “The Causal Model for the Relationship Between Emotional Understanding, Active Listening and Psychologists Communication Patterns During Counseling Sessions”. Journal of Educational Sciences – Qatar University 22 (22). https://doi.org/10.29117/jes.2023.0120.
Section
Articles in Arabic