Analytical Study on The Legality of Use of Sonic Boom as a “Psywar” Tool Under International and Humanitarian Law
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Oct 3, 2025
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Darina Saliba Abi Chedid
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8140-2919
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8140-2919
Abstract
The topic of sonic warfare and its legality under international and humanitarian law is critically relevant in modern conflicts and their evolving nature. Sonic weapons comprise a growing type of non-lethal weaponry that overlays the limits of recognized legal norms and ethical considerations and employs sound waves to harm, disable, or impede individuals. This article aims to investigate the complex legal frameworks governing the use of force and observe how sonic warfare reconciles with these standards, questioning the legality of the use of sonic booms as a tool of terror in psywar. To the same end, this research will inspect international treaties, customary law, and general principles of international law to elucidate the legal holes and uncertainties surrounding this controversial subject, taking the case of Lebanon as an example. The literature on the topic demonstrates that while sonic booms have no direct physical effect, they produce deep psychological repercussions, creating fear and terror commemorating the pervasive menace of military aggression. This twofold perspective of airspace sovereignty and psychological warfare through sonic booms denotes a give-and-take, intricate connection of power, law, and humanitarian considerations, requiring a refined, discerning, and solid international inspection. This study is normative-empirical research based on legal principles and facts and employs a descriptive-analytical method.
The findings indicate that International Humanitarian Law (IHL) does not explicitly regulate the use of sonic boom as a tool of terror in international armed conflicts, thus contributing to the discourse on the humanitarian implications of sonic weapons, advocating for clear legal guidelines to prevent their misuse and ensure compliance with IHL principles.
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Keywords
PsywarAirspace sovereigntySonic warfareTerritorial integrityTool of terrorLebanonIsraelQatar
References
I. Books:
Abass A, International Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (Oxford University Press 2012).
Crawford J, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (8th edn., Oxford University Press 2012).
Evans MD, International Law (4th edn., Oxford University Press 2014).
Goodman S, Sonic Warfare: Sound, Affect, and the Ecology of Fear (Technologies of Lived Abstraction) (The MIT Press 2012).
Haanappel P, The Law and Policy of Outer Space – A Comparative Approach (Kluwer Law International 2003).
Oduntan G, Sovereignty and Jurisdiction in Airspace and Outer Space: Legal Criteria for Spatial Delimitation (Routledge 2011).
Schmitt M (ed), Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare (Cambridge University Press 2013).
Shaw M, International Law (6th edn., Cambridge University Press 2008).
Von Glahn G and Taulbee JL, Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law (9th edn., Pearson 2000).
II. Articles:
Brown G and Poellet K, ‘The Customary International Law of Cyberspace’ (2012) 6(3) Strategic Studies Quarterly 126, 131; Messerschmidt JE, ‘Hackback: Permitting Retaliatory Hacking by Non-State Actors as Proportionate Countermeasures to Transboundary Cyberharm’ (2013) 52(1) Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 275, 276-7.
Erotokritou Ch, ‘Sovereignty Over Airspace: International Law, Current Challenges, and Future Developments for Global Aviation’ (2012) 4(05) Inquiries Journal 2-4.
Franklin M and Potter S, ‘Sovereignty Over Airspace and the Chicago Convention: Northern Cyprus’ (2010) 35(1) Air and Space Law 63-70.
Williams AJ, ‘A Crisis in Aerial Sovereignty? Considering the Implications of Recent Military Violations of National Airspace’ (2010) 42(1) Area 51-59.
Yaya K, ‘International Aviation/Airspace Law an Overview’ (2020) 4(1) International Journal of Law Reconstruction 56.
III. Caselaw:
Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council Under Article 84 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates v Qatar) (Judgment) https://www.icj-cij.org/case/173. [accessed 1/12/2024].
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion) [1996] ICJ Rep 226.
Prosecutor v Dusko Tadic (Appeal Judgment) IT-94-1-A (ICTY Appeals Chamber, 15 July 1999) https://www.refworld.org/cases,ICTY,40277f504.html [accessed 1/12/2024].
S.S. ‘Lotus’, France v Turkey, Judgment No 9, PCIJ Series A No 10, ICGJ 248 (PCIJ 1927), 7 September.
IV. Encyclopedias/Manuals/Handbooks:
Besson S, ‘Sovereignty’ in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press, April 2011).
Doctors Without Borders, The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law (2024) https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org.
Lewis R, ‘Malaysia Airlines Flight 17’ (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 19 April 2025) https://www.britannica.com/event/Malaysia-Airlines-flight-17 [accessed 23/4/2025].
Schmitt M, ‘Sovereignty’ in Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations (Cambridge University Press 2017) 11-29.
Suisman D, ‘The American Environmental Movement’s Lost Victory: The Fight against Sonic Booms’ (2015) 37(4) The Public Historian.
Viktor Valgarðsson et al., ‘Political Disengagement’ in Marco Giugni and Maria Grasso (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Participation (Oxford University Press 2022).
Zelcer M, VanPelt G and Casey D, ‘Military Psychological Operations: Ethics and Policy Considerations’ in The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Public Policy (2018) https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-93907-0_9.
V. Statutes and Statutory Instruments:
Lieber Code, art 19 (cited in Vol II, Ch 5, § 424); Brussels Declaration, art 16 (ibid, § 425); Oxford Manual, art 33 (ibid, § 426).
Hague Regulations, art 26 (ibid, §§ 420–421); Additional Protocol I, art 57(2)(c).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 3 January 1976) 993 UNTS 3.
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (adopted 27 January 1967, entered into force 10 October 1967) 610 UNTS 205 / 6 ILM 386 (1967) / [1967] ATS 24.
Statute of the International Court of Justice art 38(1)(b); North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany v Denmark) (Merits) [1969] ICJ Rep 3, 43 [74]; Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v United States of America) (Merits) [1986] ICJ Rep 14, 97–8 [184] – [186].
Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, UNGA Res 2625 (XXV) (24 October 1970) UN Doc A/RES/2625(XXV).
Convention on International Civil Aviation, signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944, ICAO Doc 7300/8, 9th edn., 2006.
International Law Commission, ‘Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts’ (2001) art 49, United Nations.
United Nations, International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflict (2011) https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/HR_in_armed_conflict.pdf
United Nations, ‘Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Lebanon pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-2/1’ (23 November 2006) https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/iic-lebanon/index
International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949’ (1987) art 1.
International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules’ (2005) https://www.icrc.org/sites/default/files/external/doc/en/assets/files/other/customary-international-humanitarian-law-i-icrc-eng.pdf
International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)’ (1977) https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/470
Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945.
UNGA Res 2131 (XX) (21 December 1965) UN Doc A/RES/2131(XX) (‘Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States’).
SC Res 1701 (11 August 2006) UN Doc S/RES/1701 (2006).
SC Res 1701 (11 August 2006) UN Doc S/RES/1701 (2006) https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/581053
Arms Trade Treaty (adopted 2 April 2013, entered into force 24 December 2014) UNGA Res 67/234B (2013).
Convention on International Civil Aviation (adopted 7 December 1944, entered into force 4 April 1947) 15 UNTS 295.
VI. Online journals:
Erotokritou Ch, ‘Sovereignty Over Airspace: International Law, Current Challenges, and Future Developments for Global Aviation’ (2012) 4(05) Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=645
Gunawan Y, Aulawi M, Anggriawan R, Putro T, ‘Command Responsibility of Autonomous Weapons under International Humanitarian Law’ (2022) 8 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365505097_Command_responsibility_of_autonomous_weapons_under_international_humanitarian_law
Parvin P and Saunders B, ‘The Ethics of Political Participation: Engagement and Democracy in the 21st Century’ (2018) 24 Res Publica 3, 3-8 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11158-017-9389-7
Rashi T and Schleifer R, ‘The Ethics of Psychological Warfare – Lessons from Israel’ (2023) 19(2) Democracy and Security 199–210 https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2023.2210472
Sadurska R, ‘Threats of Force’ (1988) 82 American Journal of International Law 239, 241 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/threats-of-force/1C28A6B9CBB526C500B8CD6121504639
VII. Website and blogs:
Abdelnour R, ‘Why Israel is Breaking the Sound Barrier in Lebanon’ (Lorient Le Jour, 1 July 2024) https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1418898/why-israel-is-breaking-the-sound-barrier-in-lebanon.htm
ANERA, ‘The Psychological Impact of Israel’s Sonic Booms Over Lebanon’ (2024) https://www.anera.org/blog/sonic-booms-lebanon
AP News, ‘The Israel-Hezbollah War by the Numbers’ (27 November 2024) https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-war-numbers-hezbollah-military-6f1a651ebba0a88fbdb7ca59a57acd1e
CBS News, ‘Israel-Hezbollah Ceasefire Takes Effect, Halting Deadly War in Lebanon’ (27 November 2024) https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hezbollah-ceasefire-netanyahu-war-lebanon-gaza-hamas
Dugard, John. ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Palestinian Territories Occupied since 1967’ (United Nations Human Rights Council, 2005) https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session28/list-reports
Human Rights Watch, Razing Rafah: Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip (2005) https://www.hrw.org
ICRC Database, ‘Customary IHL, Advance Warning’ https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule20
ICRC Database, ‘IHL, Methods of Warfare: How Does Law Protect in War?’ https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/methods-warfare
Kobrosli A, ‘Protection of Airspace Sovereignty under International Law’ (Lebanon Law Review, 4 March 2023) https://lebanonlawreview.org/airspace-sovereignty-protection
Nashed M, ‘Sonic Booms – The Psychological Warfare Israel Uses to Sow Fear in Lebanon’ (Al Jazeera, 10 August 2024) https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/8/10/sonic-booms-the-psychological-warfare-israel-uses-to-sow-fear-in-lebanon
Reuters, ‘Lebanon Army Receives Additional 420 Million from Qatar in Support to Troops’ (Arab News) https://www.arabnews.com.
Reuters, ‘Panic in Beirut as Israeli Warplanes Break Sound Barrier Three Times’ (6 August 2024) https://www.reuters.com.
Saifeddine W, ‘Lebanon Files UN Complaint Against Israel Over Airspace Violations’ (19 August 2024) https://www.aa.com.tr.
Traynor R, ‘Sonic Warfare: Noise as a Weapon’ (2023) Hearing Health & Technology Matters https://news.un.org/en
United Nations, ‘UN News: Global Perspective Human Stories’ (14 July 2020) https://news.un.org
VIII. Master’s Theses:
Alexander Engvers, ‘The Principle of Sovereignty in the Air: To What Extent It Can Be Upheld Against Aerial Intruders?’ (Master’s thesis, University of Lund, 2001).
Mohamed Abdul Kader, ‘Air Traffic Liability’ (Master’s thesis, McGill University, 1986).
Abass A, International Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (Oxford University Press 2012).
Crawford J, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law (8th edn., Oxford University Press 2012).
Evans MD, International Law (4th edn., Oxford University Press 2014).
Goodman S, Sonic Warfare: Sound, Affect, and the Ecology of Fear (Technologies of Lived Abstraction) (The MIT Press 2012).
Haanappel P, The Law and Policy of Outer Space – A Comparative Approach (Kluwer Law International 2003).
Oduntan G, Sovereignty and Jurisdiction in Airspace and Outer Space: Legal Criteria for Spatial Delimitation (Routledge 2011).
Schmitt M (ed), Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare (Cambridge University Press 2013).
Shaw M, International Law (6th edn., Cambridge University Press 2008).
Von Glahn G and Taulbee JL, Law Among Nations: An Introduction to Public International Law (9th edn., Pearson 2000).
II. Articles:
Brown G and Poellet K, ‘The Customary International Law of Cyberspace’ (2012) 6(3) Strategic Studies Quarterly 126, 131; Messerschmidt JE, ‘Hackback: Permitting Retaliatory Hacking by Non-State Actors as Proportionate Countermeasures to Transboundary Cyberharm’ (2013) 52(1) Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 275, 276-7.
Erotokritou Ch, ‘Sovereignty Over Airspace: International Law, Current Challenges, and Future Developments for Global Aviation’ (2012) 4(05) Inquiries Journal 2-4.
Franklin M and Potter S, ‘Sovereignty Over Airspace and the Chicago Convention: Northern Cyprus’ (2010) 35(1) Air and Space Law 63-70.
Williams AJ, ‘A Crisis in Aerial Sovereignty? Considering the Implications of Recent Military Violations of National Airspace’ (2010) 42(1) Area 51-59.
Yaya K, ‘International Aviation/Airspace Law an Overview’ (2020) 4(1) International Journal of Law Reconstruction 56.
III. Caselaw:
Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council Under Article 84 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates v Qatar) (Judgment) https://www.icj-cij.org/case/173. [accessed 1/12/2024].
Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (Advisory Opinion) [1996] ICJ Rep 226.
Prosecutor v Dusko Tadic (Appeal Judgment) IT-94-1-A (ICTY Appeals Chamber, 15 July 1999) https://www.refworld.org/cases,ICTY,40277f504.html [accessed 1/12/2024].
S.S. ‘Lotus’, France v Turkey, Judgment No 9, PCIJ Series A No 10, ICGJ 248 (PCIJ 1927), 7 September.
IV. Encyclopedias/Manuals/Handbooks:
Besson S, ‘Sovereignty’ in Rüdiger Wolfrum (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (Oxford University Press, April 2011).
Doctors Without Borders, The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law (2024) https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org.
Lewis R, ‘Malaysia Airlines Flight 17’ (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 19 April 2025) https://www.britannica.com/event/Malaysia-Airlines-flight-17 [accessed 23/4/2025].
Schmitt M, ‘Sovereignty’ in Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations (Cambridge University Press 2017) 11-29.
Suisman D, ‘The American Environmental Movement’s Lost Victory: The Fight against Sonic Booms’ (2015) 37(4) The Public Historian.
Viktor Valgarðsson et al., ‘Political Disengagement’ in Marco Giugni and Maria Grasso (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Participation (Oxford University Press 2022).
Zelcer M, VanPelt G and Casey D, ‘Military Psychological Operations: Ethics and Policy Considerations’ in The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Public Policy (2018) https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-93907-0_9.
V. Statutes and Statutory Instruments:
Lieber Code, art 19 (cited in Vol II, Ch 5, § 424); Brussels Declaration, art 16 (ibid, § 425); Oxford Manual, art 33 (ibid, § 426).
Hague Regulations, art 26 (ibid, §§ 420–421); Additional Protocol I, art 57(2)(c).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 23 March 1976) 999 UNTS 171.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (adopted 16 December 1966, entered into force 3 January 1976) 993 UNTS 3.
Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (adopted 27 January 1967, entered into force 10 October 1967) 610 UNTS 205 / 6 ILM 386 (1967) / [1967] ATS 24.
Statute of the International Court of Justice art 38(1)(b); North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany v Denmark) (Merits) [1969] ICJ Rep 3, 43 [74]; Military and Paramilitary Activities (Nicaragua v United States of America) (Merits) [1986] ICJ Rep 14, 97–8 [184] – [186].
Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, UNGA Res 2625 (XXV) (24 October 1970) UN Doc A/RES/2625(XXV).
Convention on International Civil Aviation, signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944, ICAO Doc 7300/8, 9th edn., 2006.
International Law Commission, ‘Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts’ (2001) art 49, United Nations.
United Nations, International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflict (2011) https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/HR_in_armed_conflict.pdf
United Nations, ‘Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Lebanon pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution S-2/1’ (23 November 2006) https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/iic-lebanon/index
International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949’ (1987) art 1.
International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Customary International Humanitarian Law, Volume I: Rules’ (2005) https://www.icrc.org/sites/default/files/external/doc/en/assets/files/other/customary-international-humanitarian-law-i-icrc-eng.pdf
International Committee of the Red Cross, ‘Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)’ (1977) https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/ihl/INTRO/470
Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945.
UNGA Res 2131 (XX) (21 December 1965) UN Doc A/RES/2131(XX) (‘Declaration on the Inadmissibility of Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States’).
SC Res 1701 (11 August 2006) UN Doc S/RES/1701 (2006).
SC Res 1701 (11 August 2006) UN Doc S/RES/1701 (2006) https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/581053
Arms Trade Treaty (adopted 2 April 2013, entered into force 24 December 2014) UNGA Res 67/234B (2013).
Convention on International Civil Aviation (adopted 7 December 1944, entered into force 4 April 1947) 15 UNTS 295.
VI. Online journals:
Erotokritou Ch, ‘Sovereignty Over Airspace: International Law, Current Challenges, and Future Developments for Global Aviation’ (2012) 4(05) Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=645
Gunawan Y, Aulawi M, Anggriawan R, Putro T, ‘Command Responsibility of Autonomous Weapons under International Humanitarian Law’ (2022) 8 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365505097_Command_responsibility_of_autonomous_weapons_under_international_humanitarian_law
Parvin P and Saunders B, ‘The Ethics of Political Participation: Engagement and Democracy in the 21st Century’ (2018) 24 Res Publica 3, 3-8 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11158-017-9389-7
Rashi T and Schleifer R, ‘The Ethics of Psychological Warfare – Lessons from Israel’ (2023) 19(2) Democracy and Security 199–210 https://doi.org/10.1080/17419166.2023.2210472
Sadurska R, ‘Threats of Force’ (1988) 82 American Journal of International Law 239, 241 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/abs/threats-of-force/1C28A6B9CBB526C500B8CD6121504639
VII. Website and blogs:
Abdelnour R, ‘Why Israel is Breaking the Sound Barrier in Lebanon’ (Lorient Le Jour, 1 July 2024) https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1418898/why-israel-is-breaking-the-sound-barrier-in-lebanon.htm
ANERA, ‘The Psychological Impact of Israel’s Sonic Booms Over Lebanon’ (2024) https://www.anera.org/blog/sonic-booms-lebanon
AP News, ‘The Israel-Hezbollah War by the Numbers’ (27 November 2024) https://apnews.com/article/israel-lebanon-war-numbers-hezbollah-military-6f1a651ebba0a88fbdb7ca59a57acd1e
CBS News, ‘Israel-Hezbollah Ceasefire Takes Effect, Halting Deadly War in Lebanon’ (27 November 2024) https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israel-hezbollah-ceasefire-netanyahu-war-lebanon-gaza-hamas
Dugard, John. ‘Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Palestinian Territories Occupied since 1967’ (United Nations Human Rights Council, 2005) https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/regular-sessions/session28/list-reports
Human Rights Watch, Razing Rafah: Mass Home Demolitions in the Gaza Strip (2005) https://www.hrw.org
ICRC Database, ‘Customary IHL, Advance Warning’ https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/customary-ihl/v1/rule20
ICRC Database, ‘IHL, Methods of Warfare: How Does Law Protect in War?’ https://casebook.icrc.org/a_to_z/glossary/methods-warfare
Kobrosli A, ‘Protection of Airspace Sovereignty under International Law’ (Lebanon Law Review, 4 March 2023) https://lebanonlawreview.org/airspace-sovereignty-protection
Nashed M, ‘Sonic Booms – The Psychological Warfare Israel Uses to Sow Fear in Lebanon’ (Al Jazeera, 10 August 2024) https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2024/8/10/sonic-booms-the-psychological-warfare-israel-uses-to-sow-fear-in-lebanon
Reuters, ‘Lebanon Army Receives Additional 420 Million from Qatar in Support to Troops’ (Arab News) https://www.arabnews.com.
Reuters, ‘Panic in Beirut as Israeli Warplanes Break Sound Barrier Three Times’ (6 August 2024) https://www.reuters.com.
Saifeddine W, ‘Lebanon Files UN Complaint Against Israel Over Airspace Violations’ (19 August 2024) https://www.aa.com.tr.
Traynor R, ‘Sonic Warfare: Noise as a Weapon’ (2023) Hearing Health & Technology Matters https://news.un.org/en
United Nations, ‘UN News: Global Perspective Human Stories’ (14 July 2020) https://news.un.org
VIII. Master’s Theses:
Alexander Engvers, ‘The Principle of Sovereignty in the Air: To What Extent It Can Be Upheld Against Aerial Intruders?’ (Master’s thesis, University of Lund, 2001).
Mohamed Abdul Kader, ‘Air Traffic Liability’ (Master’s thesis, McGill University, 1986).
How to Cite
Abi Chedid, D. S. . (2025). Analytical Study on The Legality of Use of Sonic Boom as a “Psywar” Tool Under International and Humanitarian Law. International Review of Law, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.29117/irl.2025.0335
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Articles in English