Constructing Marital Happiness Scale and Assessing its Psychometric Properties among Omani Couples
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Oct 29, 2024
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Manal Khasib Hamdan Al-Fazari
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2557-6703
Jalal Kaid Damra
Mustafa Ali Khalaf
Ehab Mohammed Naguib Omara
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2557-6703
Jalal Kaid Damra
Mustafa Ali Khalaf
Ehab Mohammed Naguib Omara
Abstract
Since the concept of marital happiness differs from one culture to another, this study aimed to construct and examine the psychometric properties of marital happiness scale among Omani couples in Oman. The study consisted of two stages. The first stage aimed at constructing the scale based on couples’ point of views regarding the concept of marital happiness, and its causing factors. Based on the findings of this stage, the scale consisted of 31 items and five subscales. The second stage aimed at examining the validity and reliability of the scale. As such, the validity of the scale was assessed using face validity. The scale then consisted of 35 items and five subscales (marital relationship instability, marital understanding, moral and financial participation, shared marital activities, and trust and respect). The scale was administered to 1137 of Oman couples from all the governorates in Oman. The exploratory factorial analysis with principal components indicated that the marital happiness scale consisted of 32 items with two extracted factors: moral and financial participation, and marital relationship instability. The findings of the reliability of the scale showed an acceptable level of reliability among scale items and the subscales. The study recommended the use of the current marital happiness scale as a tool to measure marital happiness in the field of counseling, and more specifically in marital counseling.
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Keywords
Scale constructionPsychometric propertiesMarital happinessOmani couples
References
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Al Maqbali, E. H. K. & Al Fawaeer, A. M. G. (2021). Level of marital compatibility among a sample of married individuals in the Sultanate of Oman and its relationship with demographic variables (in Arabic). International Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 9(3), 920-933
Alordiah, C. O. (2019). Development and factorial validation of marital happiness scale for married women. Journal of Educational Evaluation and Counseling Psychology. 2(1), 214- 226. https://www.academia.edu/81079102/DEVELOPMENT_AND_FACTORIAL_VALIDATION_OF_MARITAL_HAPPINESS_SCALE_FOR_MARRIED_WOMEN
Amato, P. R., Booth, A., Johnson. D. R., & Rogers, S. J. (2007). Alone together: How marriage in America is changing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Azaab, H., Abdelhaleem, A., & Ahmad, S. M. (2020). Psychometric characteristics of the marital happiness scale for wives (in Arabic). Journal of Psychological Counseling, Ain Shams University, 61, 307-329.
Bradley, J. M., & Hojjat, M. (2017). A model of resilience and marital satisfaction. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157(5), 588–601.
Fincham, F. D., Stanley, S., & Beach, S. R. H. (2007). Transformative processes in marriage: An analysis of emerging trends. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 69, 275-292.
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Herawati, N. (2016). The influence of couple harmony and marital adjustment to marital happiness. International Conference on Health and Well-Being: Toward sustainable healthy lives to promote well-being for all at all ages. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta (119- 126). http://hdl.handle.net/11617/7387
Hussein, S., Abdelwahab, A., & Azaab, H. (2020). Psychometric characteristics of the marital happiness scale for wives (in Arabic). Journal of Psychological Counseling, 61, 329-355.
Kamp Dush C. M. & Amato P. R. (2005). Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 607–627.
Khalaf, M. A. & Al Mammari, K. H. (2021). Comparing the situational scale versus the self-report questionnaire of cognitive distortions in predicting depression and anxiety in College of Education students, Sultan Qaboos University (in Arabic). The Scientific Journal, College of Education, Sohag University, 99(1), 379-459. DOI: 10.12816/EDUSOHAG.2022
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Khalaf, M. A. & Al-Said, T. T. (2021). The Egyptian validation study of the resilience scale for adults (RSA) and its utility in predicting depression. The Open Psychology Journal, 14, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350102114010083
Khalaf, M. A. & Omara, E. M. N. (2022). Rasch analysis and differential item functioning of English language anxiety scale (ELAS) across sex in Egyptian context. BMC Psychology, 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00955-w
Khalaf, M. A. (2024). The development of COVID-19 Brief Anxiety Scale in Oman. The Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 26-41. https://doi.org/10.20473/Ijph.v19i1.2023.26-41
LeBaron, C. D., Miller, R. B., & Yorgason, J. B. (2014). A longitudinal examination of women's perceptions of marital power and marital happiness in midlife marriages. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 13(2), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2013.852492
Lee, J. H. & Duke, Y. J. (2006). Measurement issues across different cultures. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 36(8), 1295-1300. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2006.36.8.1295
Locke, H. J., Wallace, K. M. (1959). Short marital adjustment prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 251–255.
Lorenzo-Seva, U. & Ferrando, P. J. (2021). MSA: The forgotten index to identify undiscriminating items before computing exploratory item factor analysis. Methodology, 17(4), 296–306, https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.7185.
Marini, M. M. (1976). Dimensions of marriage happiness: A research note. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38(3), 443. doi:10.2307/350412.
Mohammad, S. H. (2010). Investigating some determinants of emotional change after marriage among a sample of wives: A comparative longitudinal follow-up psychological study (in Arabic). Journal of the College of Education, Assiut University, 26(1), 453-486.
Muthén, B. & Kaplan, D. (1992). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables: A note on the size of the model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 45, 19-30. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1992.tb00975.x.
National Statistics Office. (2020). Divorce data in the sultanate of Oman, 2020. National Center for Statistics and Information (in Arabic). Sultanate of Oman.
Nunes, C., Martins, C., Leal, A., Pechorro, P., Ferreira, L. I., & Ayala-Nunes, L. (2022). The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale: A psychometric study in a sample of Portuguese parents. Social Sciences, 11(3), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11030107.
Omani-Samani R., Maroufizadeh, S., Ghaheri A., Amini, P., & Navid, B. (2018). Reliability and validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS) in infertile people. Middle East Fertility Society Journal,23(2), 154-15.
Omidiyan, M. (2008(. A survey on general health and happiness in Yazd University students. Journal of Psychology, 1, 101-112.
Patel, K. K. & Dhar, M. (2018). Marital happiness among newly married individuals in a rural district in India. Social Science Spectrum, 4(2), 76-85. http://www.socialspectrum.in/index.php/sp/article/view/126/115
Poursadar, F., Sangari, A., Abbaspour, Z., & Alboukurdi, S. (2012). The effect of happiness on mental health and life satisfaction: A Psychological model of well-being. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 16(2), 139-147.
Qassem, F., Hussein, S., & Al Gayed, E. M. (2016). Psychometric characteristics of the marital relationship scale for a sample of newly married women (in Arabic). Journal of Psychological Counseling, 48(2). 213-229.
Saad, N. A. (2004). Marital happiness: God's reward for the divine family (in Arabic). Journal of Islamic Awareness, Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, 41(461), 74-77
Schumm, W. A., Nichols, C. W., Schectman, K. L., & Grigsby, C. C. (1983). Characteristics of responses to the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale by a sample of 84 married mothers. Psychological Reports, 53, 567–572.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15–28.
Stanley, S. M. (2007). Assessing couple and marital relationships: Beyond form and toward a deeper knowledge of function. In: Casper LM, Hoffereth SL, editors. Handbook of measurement issues in family research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.
Teaghra, A. B. (2012). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Concepts and methodology using SPSS and LISREL packages (in Arabic). Dar Al-Masirah, Amman, Jordan.
ten Berge, J. M. & Kiers, H. A. (1991). A numerical approach to the approximate and the exact minimum rank of a covariance matrix. Psychometrika, 56(2), 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294464
VanLaningham, J., Johnson, D., & Amato, P. (2001). Marital happiness, marital duration, and the U-shaped curve: Evidence from a five-wave panel study. Social Forces, 79, (4), 1313-134
Yassein, A. E., Al Alfi, A., & Seif, A. (2021). Dimensions of true happiness among married couples in light of the duration of marriage (in Arabic). International Journal of Women's and Children's Studies, Ain Shams University, 1, 55-77.
*****************************************************************************************************
البلهان، عيسى محمد والناصر، فهد عبد الرحمن. (2007). مقومات السعادة الزوجية كما يدركها الشباب الكويتيون. حوليات الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية، جامعة الكويت، 27(256)، 8-78.
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Al Balhan, E. M. & Al Nasser, F. A. (2007). The elements of marital happiness as perceived by Kuwaiti youth. (in Arabic). Annals of Literature and Social Sciences, Kuwait University, 27(256), 8-78.
Al Hawrani, A. K. M. (2018). Tolerance and its relationship with marital happiness among married male and female teachers (in Arabic). The Egyptian Journal of Psychological Studies, 28(101), 35-76.
Al Maqbali, E. H. K. & Al Fawaeer, A. M. G. (2021). Level of marital compatibility among a sample of married individuals in the Sultanate of Oman and its relationship with demographic variables (in Arabic). International Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies, 9(3), 920-933
Alordiah, C. O. (2019). Development and factorial validation of marital happiness scale for married women. Journal of Educational Evaluation and Counseling Psychology. 2(1), 214- 226. https://www.academia.edu/81079102/DEVELOPMENT_AND_FACTORIAL_VALIDATION_OF_MARITAL_HAPPINESS_SCALE_FOR_MARRIED_WOMEN
Amato, P. R., Booth, A., Johnson. D. R., & Rogers, S. J. (2007). Alone together: How marriage in America is changing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Azaab, H., Abdelhaleem, A., & Ahmad, S. M. (2020). Psychometric characteristics of the marital happiness scale for wives (in Arabic). Journal of Psychological Counseling, Ain Shams University, 61, 307-329.
Bradley, J. M., & Hojjat, M. (2017). A model of resilience and marital satisfaction. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157(5), 588–601.
Fincham, F. D., Stanley, S., & Beach, S. R. H. (2007). Transformative processes in marriage: An analysis of emerging trends. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 69, 275-292.
Gradaat, R. A. (2018). Marital happiness from the perspective of husbands in light of some variables in Hebron Governorate (in Arabic) [ Master's Thesis]. Al-Quds University, Palestine.
Hanel, P. H., Maio, G. R., Soares, A. K., Vione, K. C., de Holanda Coelho, G. L., Gouveia, V. V., ... & Manstead, A. S. (2018). Cross-cultural differences and similarities in human value instantiation. Frontiers in psychology, 849. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00849
Hedberg, P., Gustafson, Y., & Brulin, C. (2010). Purpose in life among men and women aged 85 years and older. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 70(3),213-29. doi:10.2190/AG.70.3.c
Herawati, N. (2016). The influence of couple harmony and marital adjustment to marital happiness. International Conference on Health and Well-Being: Toward sustainable healthy lives to promote well-being for all at all ages. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta (119- 126). http://hdl.handle.net/11617/7387
Hussein, S., Abdelwahab, A., & Azaab, H. (2020). Psychometric characteristics of the marital happiness scale for wives (in Arabic). Journal of Psychological Counseling, 61, 329-355.
Kamp Dush C. M. & Amato P. R. (2005). Consequences of relationship status and quality for subjective well-being. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 607–627.
Khalaf, M. A. & Al Mammari, K. H. (2021). Comparing the situational scale versus the self-report questionnaire of cognitive distortions in predicting depression and anxiety in College of Education students, Sultan Qaboos University (in Arabic). The Scientific Journal, College of Education, Sohag University, 99(1), 379-459. DOI: 10.12816/EDUSOHAG.2022
Khalaf, M. A. & Abulela, M. A. (2021). The academic buoyancy scale: Measurement invariance across culture and gender in Egyptian and Omani undergraduates. European Journal of Educational Research, 10(4), 2121-2131. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.10.4.2121
Khalaf, M. A. & Al-Said, T. T. (2021). The Egyptian validation study of the resilience scale for adults (RSA) and its utility in predicting depression. The Open Psychology Journal, 14, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350102114010083
Khalaf, M. A. & Omara, E. M. N. (2022). Rasch analysis and differential item functioning of English language anxiety scale (ELAS) across sex in Egyptian context. BMC Psychology, 10(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-022-00955-w
Khalaf, M. A. (2024). The development of COVID-19 Brief Anxiety Scale in Oman. The Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 26-41. https://doi.org/10.20473/Ijph.v19i1.2023.26-41
LeBaron, C. D., Miller, R. B., & Yorgason, J. B. (2014). A longitudinal examination of women's perceptions of marital power and marital happiness in midlife marriages. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 13(2), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332691.2013.852492
Lee, J. H. & Duke, Y. J. (2006). Measurement issues across different cultures. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 36(8), 1295-1300. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2006.36.8.1295
Locke, H. J., Wallace, K. M. (1959). Short marital adjustment prediction tests: Their reliability and validity. Marriage and Family Living, 21, 251–255.
Lorenzo-Seva, U. & Ferrando, P. J. (2021). MSA: The forgotten index to identify undiscriminating items before computing exploratory item factor analysis. Methodology, 17(4), 296–306, https://doi.org/10.5964/meth.7185.
Marini, M. M. (1976). Dimensions of marriage happiness: A research note. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38(3), 443. doi:10.2307/350412.
Mohammad, S. H. (2010). Investigating some determinants of emotional change after marriage among a sample of wives: A comparative longitudinal follow-up psychological study (in Arabic). Journal of the College of Education, Assiut University, 26(1), 453-486.
Muthén, B. & Kaplan, D. (1992). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables: A note on the size of the model. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 45, 19-30. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8317.1992.tb00975.x.
National Statistics Office. (2020). Divorce data in the sultanate of Oman, 2020. National Center for Statistics and Information (in Arabic). Sultanate of Oman.
Nunes, C., Martins, C., Leal, A., Pechorro, P., Ferreira, L. I., & Ayala-Nunes, L. (2022). The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale: A psychometric study in a sample of Portuguese parents. Social Sciences, 11(3), 107. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci11030107.
Omani-Samani R., Maroufizadeh, S., Ghaheri A., Amini, P., & Navid, B. (2018). Reliability and validity of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS) in infertile people. Middle East Fertility Society Journal,23(2), 154-15.
Omidiyan, M. (2008(. A survey on general health and happiness in Yazd University students. Journal of Psychology, 1, 101-112.
Patel, K. K. & Dhar, M. (2018). Marital happiness among newly married individuals in a rural district in India. Social Science Spectrum, 4(2), 76-85. http://www.socialspectrum.in/index.php/sp/article/view/126/115
Poursadar, F., Sangari, A., Abbaspour, Z., & Alboukurdi, S. (2012). The effect of happiness on mental health and life satisfaction: A Psychological model of well-being. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, 16(2), 139-147.
Qassem, F., Hussein, S., & Al Gayed, E. M. (2016). Psychometric characteristics of the marital relationship scale for a sample of newly married women (in Arabic). Journal of Psychological Counseling, 48(2). 213-229.
Saad, N. A. (2004). Marital happiness: God's reward for the divine family (in Arabic). Journal of Islamic Awareness, Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, 41(461), 74-77
Schumm, W. A., Nichols, C. W., Schectman, K. L., & Grigsby, C. C. (1983). Characteristics of responses to the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale by a sample of 84 married mothers. Psychological Reports, 53, 567–572.
Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15–28.
Stanley, S. M. (2007). Assessing couple and marital relationships: Beyond form and toward a deeper knowledge of function. In: Casper LM, Hoffereth SL, editors. Handbook of measurement issues in family research. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum & Associates.
Teaghra, A. B. (2012). Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Concepts and methodology using SPSS and LISREL packages (in Arabic). Dar Al-Masirah, Amman, Jordan.
ten Berge, J. M. & Kiers, H. A. (1991). A numerical approach to the approximate and the exact minimum rank of a covariance matrix. Psychometrika, 56(2), 309–315. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294464
VanLaningham, J., Johnson, D., & Amato, P. (2001). Marital happiness, marital duration, and the U-shaped curve: Evidence from a five-wave panel study. Social Forces, 79, (4), 1313-134
Yassein, A. E., Al Alfi, A., & Seif, A. (2021). Dimensions of true happiness among married couples in light of the duration of marriage (in Arabic). International Journal of Women's and Children's Studies, Ain Shams University, 1, 55-77.
*****************************************************************************************************
البلهان، عيسى محمد والناصر، فهد عبد الرحمن. (2007). مقومات السعادة الزوجية كما يدركها الشباب الكويتيون. حوليات الآداب والعلوم الاجتماعية، جامعة الكويت، 27(256)، 8-78.
تيغزة، أمحمد بوزيان (2012). التحليل العاملي الاستكشافي والتوكيدي: مفاهيمهما ومنهجيتهما بتوظيف حزمة SPSS وليزرل LISREL. دار المسيرة، عمان، الأردن.
جرادات، رولا عبد الفتاح. (2018). السعادة الزوجية من وجهة نظر الأزواج في ضوء بعض المتغيرات في محافظة الخليل [رسالة ماجستير]. جامعة القدس، فلسطين.
حسين، سلوى وعبد الوهاب، عبد الحليم وعزب، حسام الدين. (2020). الخصائص السيكومترية لمقياس السعادة الزوجية للزوجات. مجلة الإرشاد النفسي، 61، 329-355.
الحوراني، أحمد كامل محمد. (2018). التسامح وعلاقته بالسعادة الزوجية لدى المعلمين والمعلمات المتزوجين. المجلة المصرية للدراسات النفسية، 28(101)، 35-76.
خلف، مصطفى علي والمعمري، خولة بنت هلال. (2022). مقارنة بين المقياس الموقفي للتشوهات المعرفية واستبيان التقرير الذاتي في التنبؤ بالاكتئاب والقلق لدى طلبة كلية التربية، جامعة السلطان قابوس. المجلة التربوية، جامعة سوهاج، 99، 379-459.
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سعد، نور الهدى. (2004). السعادة الزوجية مكافأة الله للأسرة الربانية. مجلة الوعي الاسلامي، وزارة الأوقاف والشؤون الاسلامية، 41(461)، 74-77.
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How to Cite
Al-Fazari , Manal Khasib Hamdan, Jalal Kaid Damra, Mustafa Ali Khalaf, and Ehab Mohammed Naguib Omara. 2024. “Constructing Marital Happiness Scale and Assessing Its Psychometric Properties Among Omani Couples”. Journal of Educational Sciences – Qatar University 24 (2). https://doi.org/10.29117/jes.2024.0177.
Section
Articles in Arabic