Loyalty of the Umayyad Governors in Al-Maghrib after Completing the Conquest: 97–132AH/715–750CE
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Jul 1, 2025
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Abstract
In 45AH (665CE), Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān (41–60AH/661–680CE), the first Umayyad caliph, continued the efforts of the Rashidūn Caliphate in conquering Al-Maghrib by dispatching multiple military leaders to conduct campaigns in the region. The Umayyad conquest was ultimately completed under the sixth Umayyad caliph, Al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik (86–96AH/705–715CE), who appointed the first Umayyad governor of Al-Maghrib in 58AH (678CE). This paper explains the most important factors that the Umayyad caliphs relied on in appointing their governors in al-Maghrib after completing the conquest. It also examines the relationship between the factors for selecting leaders during the conquest of al-Maghrib and those for appointing governors. These factors show the extent of the loyalty of these governors to the Umayyad Caliphate. Previous studies have discussed various aspects of the history of al-Maghrib during and after the conquest. However, they have not paid attention to the elements of this research. This research consulted primary sources which had discussed various aspects of the Umayyad and al-Maghrib history.
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Keywords
GovernorsLeadersLoyaltyUmayyadsAl-Maghrib
References
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Al-Kharʻān, ʻAbd Allāh. Āthār Al-ʻulamāʼ fī Al-ḥayāh Al-siyāsīyah fī Al-dawlah Al-Umawīyah. (in Arabic), Riyadh: Jāmiʻat al-Imām Muḥammad ibn Saʻūd, 1999.
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Al-Quwayḍī, ʻAbd al-Rāziq Wa-ākharūn. "Al-Hijrāt ilá Al-Maghrib Wa-ʻalāqatuhā bi-takwīn al-madhāhib fī al-ʻaṣr Al-Wasīṭ". (in Arabic), Majallat al-ʻUlūm al-Insānīyah wa-al-Taṭbīqīyah. No. 15 (2023) Pp.179-186
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Al-Shāyiqī, Ḥasan. Intishār Al-lughah Al-ʻArabīyah fī Shamāl Ifrīqiyā baʻda Al-Fatḥ Al-Islāmī (in Arabic), Markaz al-Buḥūth wa-al-Dirāsāt al-Ifrīqīyah. No. 47 (2011) Pp. 123-150.
Al-Ziriklī, Khayr Al-Dīn. Al-Aʻlām. 8 vols. (in Arabic), Beirut: Dār al-ʻIlm lil-Malāyīn, 2002.
ʻAṭwān, Ḥusayn. Al-fuqahāʼ wa-Al-khilāfah fī Al-ʻaṣr Al-Umawī (in Arabic), Beirut: Dār al-Jabal, 1991.
Blankinship, Khalid Yahya Ed. The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXV: The End of Expansion: The Caliphate of Hishām, A.D. 724–738/A.H. 105–120. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. State University of New York Press, 1989.
Bwqāʻdh, Al-Bashīr. "Madīnat Al-Qayrawān Bayna Ihtimām-i ʻArab Al-Fātiḥ wtkhryb Qabāʼil Banī Hilāl: Dirāsah Tārīkhīyah Li-ʻawāmil Al-taṭwīr wa-Asbāb Al-inḥiṭāṭ". (in Arabic), Muʼassasat Kunūz al-Ḥikmah. No. 4. (2020). Pp. 113-147.
Dabūz, Muḥammad ʻAlī. Tārīkh Al-Maghrib Al-kabīr (in Arabic), Cairo, 1967
Dozy, Reinhart. Spanish Islam: a history of the Moslems in Spain. London: Chatto, 1913.
Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakīm, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Fattūḥ Ifrīqiyā wa-Al-Andalus (in Arabic), Ed. ʻAbd Allāh Anīs Al-Ṭabbāʻ. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb Al-Lubnānī, 1964.
Ibn Al-Athīr, Abū al-Ḥasan. Al-kāmil fī Al-tārīkh (in Arabic), Ed. Abū Al-Fidāʼ Al-Qāḍī . 11 vols. Beirut: Dār Al-Kutub Al-ʻĀlamīyah, 1998.
–––. Usd al-ghābah fī Maʿrifat al-Șaḥābah (in Arabic), Ed. ʿAlī Muḥammad& ʿAādil Aḥmad.. 7 vols .Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmiyah, 1994.
Ibn ʿAsākir, Abū al-Qāsim. Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq (in Arabic), Ed. Muhīb Al-Dīn Abū Saʻīd. 80 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1995.
Ibn ʿAthārī, Abū alʿAbbās. Al-Bayān al-Maghrib fī Akhbār al-Andalus wa al-Maghrib. Ed J. S Kūlān. 2 vols. (in Arabic), Beirut: Dār al-Thaqāfah, 1983.
Ibn Khallikān, Abū Al-ʻAbbās. Wafayāt Al-aʻyān. Ed. Iḥsān ʿAbbās. 7 vols. (in Arabic), Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻĀlamīyah, 1972.
Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad. Mukhtaṣar Tārīkh Dimashq Li-Ibn ʻAskar. Ed. Rūḥīyah Al-Naḥḥās wa-ākharūn. 29 vols. (in Arabic), Damascus: Dār al-Fikr lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr, 1984.
Ibn Taghrībardī, Abū al-Maḥāsin. Al-nujūm Al-Zāhirah fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-Qāhirah. 16 vols. (in Arabic), Cairo: Dār al-Kutub, 1962.
Kaegi, Walter. Muslim expansion and Byzantine collapse in North Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Kāshif, Sayyidat. Miṣr fī Fajr Al-Islām min Al-Fatḥ. Al-ʻArabī ilá Qiyām Al-dawlah al-Ṭūlūnīyah (in Arabic), Cairo: Dār al-Nahḍah, 1970.
Kennedy, Hugh. Egypt as a province in the Islamic Caliphate (641–868). In Cambridge History of Egypt, volume one: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517 (pp. 62–85). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
–––. The Great Arab Conquests: How the spread of Islam changed the World We Live In. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press, 2007.
Khaṭṭāb, Maḥmūd. Qādat Fatḥ Al-Maghrib Al-ʻArabī. ver. 7. 2 vols. (in Arabic), Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1984.
–––. Qādat Fatḥ Al-sanad wa-Afghānistān (in Arabic), Jeddah: Dār al-Andalus, 1998.
Kubiak, Wladyslaw B. Al-Fustat: Its Foundation and Early Urban Development. Cairo: The American University, 1987.
Lʻwysy, ʻAzīz. "Jāmiʻ Ḥassān Bi-ribānt Al-Fatḥ Ayqūnat Al-Miʻmār Al-dīnī Al-Muwaḥḥidī". (in Arabic), Majallat Līksūs. No. 30 (2018) Pp. 49-54.
Malūlī, Rūzah, and Līdiyah b. Daḥmān. Siyāsat Al-Wulāt Al-Amawīīn fī Al-Maghrib wa Al-Andalus (in Arabic), Bouira: Jāmʻat Aklī Maḥandah, 2015.
Muʼnis, Ḥusayn. Fajr al-Andalus (in Arabic), Beirut: Dār al-Manāhil, 2002.
Radwān, Fāțimah. Al-Maghrib fī Așr Al-Wulāt Al-Amawīīn 90- 132 AH (in Arabic), Mecca: Jāmiʻat Um al-Qurah, 1984.
Ramaḍān, Naʻīmah. "Al-ʻazl Al-siyāsī Llwlāh fī Bilād Al-Maghrib min Al-Fatḥ Hattá Muntaṣaf Al-qarn Al-Thānī Al-Hijrī". (in Arabic), Majallat Kullīyat al-Ādāb wa-al-ʻUlūm al-Insānīyah Jāmiʻat Qanāt al-Suways. No. 39 (2021) Pp. 115-134.
Sabry, Foud. Eredità intellettuale: Lo studioso che ha plasmato la storia e la filosofia, svelando l’eredità di Ibn Khaldun. One Billion Knowledgeable, 2024.
Sālim, Al-Sayyid. Al-Maghrib Al-kabīr Al-ʻaṣr Al-Islāmī (in Arabic), Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍah, 1981.
Shumaysah, Saʻd. "Al-Tijārah wa-Al-niẓām Al-mālī fī Lībiyā Mundhu Al-Fatḥ Al-Islāmī wa-Hattá Qiyām Al-dawlah Al-Fāṭimīyah 22AH/642AD- 297AH/909AD" (in Arabic), Majallat Jāmiʻat al-Zaytūnah. No. 20 (2016) Pp. 145-167.
Tārīkh Al-Maghrib fī Al-ʻaṣr Al-Islāmī (in Arabic), Alexandria: Muʼassasat Shabāb al-Jāmiʻah, 1999.
Tārīkh Al-Muslimīn Wa-āthāruhum fī Al-Andalus (in Arabic), Beirut: Dār al-Maʻārif, 2008.
How to Cite
Al-Enezi , Meshal. 2025. “Loyalty of the Umayyad Governors in Al-Maghrib After Completing the Conquest: 97–132AH/715–750CE”. ANSAQ Journal 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.29117/Ansaq.2025.0224.
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