Bridging the Epistemological Gap Between Normative and Professional Ethics: An approach of Applied Ethics as a Paradigm
Abstract
Ethicists question whether normative ethical values can adequately address the moral dilemmas arising from rapid scientific progress, technological applications, the influence of multinational corporations on knowledge production and dissemination. These developments have created ethical challenges that permeate both personal and professional life. The question remains: Can normative ethics alone provide a paradigm for navigating these complexities, or do they fall short? In recent decades, there has been interest in bridging the gap between abstract, formal normative ethics and applied ethics. This interest has been driven by the ethical dilemmas arising from injustice, and human rights violations, particularly in fields such as healthcare, human rights, and business. These pressing moral challenges have prompted contemporary ethicists to seek an interdisciplinary approach to addressing the ethical dilemmas faced by professionals, ultimately aiming to close the divide between normative and applied ethics. This paper posits that the ethical issues and challenges arising within professions, as well as in the relationships between service providers and their clients, necessitate a methodology that extends beyond narrow specializations, limited professional rules, regulations, and laws. It advocates for adopting "applied ethics" as a paradigm capable of fostering interdisciplinary exchange, generating novel insights and interpretations, and facilitating rich, innovative interactions. This approach strengthens the connection between theoretical knowledge derived from normative ethical reasoning, society, values, and practices, particularly in professional contexts.
Metrics
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Normative EthicsApplied EthicsProfessionProfessionalParadigmEpistemological GapEpistemological BridgingEpistemic Complementary
al-Mudarrib, ‘Abd al-Razzaq. Mabadi' al-Akhlaq al-Mihaniyya (in Arabic), Abu Dhabi: Matbu‘at Jami‘at al-Imarat al-‘Arabiyya al-Muttahida, 2003.
Al-Tawil, Tawfiq. Falsafat al-Akhlaq (in Arabic), Cairo: Dar al-Nahda al-‘Arabiyya, 9th ed., 1991.
Anderson, Roger B. “Interdisciplinary Studies: Four Suggestions,” The South-Central Bulletin, Vol. 33, No. 2 (1973), pp. 45; 49-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3188127
Beauchamp, Tom L. “The Nature of Applied Ethics,” In: R.G. Frey and Christopher Heath Wellman (eds.), A companion to Applied Ethics, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2003.
Bishara, Azmi (ed.). The Issue of Ethics in Arab-Islamic Civilization (in Arabic), Beirut: Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, 2018.
Blackburn, Simon. Ethics: A very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Briggle, Adam & Mitcham, Carl. Ethics and Science: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Brincat, Cynthia and Wike, Victoria. at Morality and the Professional Life: Values Work, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 2000.
Broadhbent, Jane., Dietrich, Michael and Roberts, Jennifer. “The End of Professions?” In: Jane Broadhbent, Michael Dietrich, and Jennifer Roberts (eds.), The End of Professions? The restructuring of professional work, London and New York: Routledge, 1997.
Cohen, Andrew I. and Wellman, Christopher Heath. Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell, 2005.
Dutu, Carmen. “Introduction” in: Banu Akçeşme, Hasan Baktır and Eugene Steele (eds.), Interdisciplinarity, Multidisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity in Humanities, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2016.
Dworkin, Ronald. Taking Rights Seriously (in Arabic) trans. Munir al-Kashu, Tunis: Al-Markaz al-Watani lil-Tarjama, Dar Sinatra, 2015.
Eastman, Wayne. “Ideology as Rationalization and as Self-Righteousness: Psychology and Law as Paths to Critical Business Ethics.” Business Ethics Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 4 (2013), pp. 527-560. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201323439
Floridi, Luciano. The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Principles, Challenges, and Opportunities, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023.
Gensler, J. Harry. Ethics: A Contemporary Introduction, London: Routledge, 2nd ed., 2011.
Hamrick, Florence and Benjamin, Mimi (eds.). Maybe I Should: Case Studies on Ethics for Students Affairs Professionals, London: University Press of America, 2009.
Ibrahim, Zakariyya. Al-Mushkila al-Khuluqiyya.(In Arabic) Al-Qahirah: Maktabat Misr, Mushkilat Falsafiyya 6, [n.d.].
Kaczor, Christopher. “The Tragic Case of Jodie and Mary: Questions about Separating Conjoined Twins” The Linacre Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 2 (2003), pp. 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508549.2003.11877673
Kagan, Shelly. “The Structure of Normative Ethics: Philosophical Perspectives,” Ethics, Vol. 6 (1992), pp. 223-242. https://doi.org/10.2307/2214246
Kagan, Shelly. Normative Ethics, Oxford: Westview Press, 1998.
Kant, Immanuel. Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (in Arabic), trans. ‘Abd al-Ghaffar Makawi, Cologne-Germany: Manshurat al-Jamal, 2002.
Kevles, J. Daniel. “Min Taht Mi‘taf al-Yujina: al-Siyasat al-Tarikhiyya li-Taqam al-Wirathi al-Bashari” (in Arabic), In: trans. Ahmad Mustajir, The Code of Codes: Scientific and Social Issues in the Human Genome Project, Kuwait: al-Majlis al-Watani lil-Thaqafa wa al-‘Ulum wa al-Adab, Silsilat ‘Alam al-Ma‘rifa, January 1997.
Klikauer, Thomas. “Business Ethics as Ideology?” Critique, Vol. 45, No. 1-2 (2017), pp. 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1080/03017605.2016.1268757
Koehn, Dary. The Ground of Professional Ethics, London: Routledge, 1994.
Lloyd, Denis. The idea of law (in Arabic), trans. Salim al-Suwais, Kuwait: al-Majlis al-Watani lil-Thaqafa wa al-Funun wa al-Adab & Silsilat ‘Alam al-Ma‘rifa, 1981.
Lubanr, David. “Professional Ethics,” In: R. G. Frey and Christopher Heath Wellman (eds.), A Companion to Applied Ethics, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003, pp. 583-596.
Mark S. Schwartz, “Ethical Decision-Making Theory: An Integrated Approach,” Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 139, No. 4 (December 2016), pp. 755-776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2886-8
Qutb, Khaled. “Jaihat Covid – 19 wa Ghayab al-Mas'uliyya al-Akhlaqiyya” (in Arabic), al-Faysal al-‘Ilmiyya Journal, No. 62 (Riyadh, January–March 2021).
–––. “Maqarabah Falsafiyya lil-Zulm al-Ma‘rifi: ‘Ilaqat al-Tabib al-Mu‘alij bil-Marid” (in Arabic), Mithaqafat Journal, No. 9 (autumn, 2023).
Rawls, John. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (in Arabic) trans. Haydar Haj Isma‘il, Beirut: Arab Organization for Translation, 2009.
Rosen, Richard. Ethics of Professional Practice: How to Be Fair in a Culturally Complex World (in Arabic), trans. Khalid Qutb, Cairo: National Center for Translation, 2018.
Rowe, John W. “Introduction: Approaching Interdisciplinary Research,” In: Frank Kessel, Patricia L. Rosenfield and Norman B. Anderson (eds.), Interdisciplinary Research: Case Studies from Health and Social Science, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195324273.003.0001
Sethy, Satya Sundar (ed.). Higher Education and Professional Ethics: Roles and Responsibilities of Teachers, London: Routledge, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351173803
Singer, Peter (ed.). Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
Wong B., David. Moral Relativism and Pluralism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2023.
***************************************************************************************
العربية
إبراهيم، زكريا. المشكلة الخلقية، مشكلات فلسفية 6، القاهرة: مكتبة مصر، 1998.
أفلاطون. الجمهورية، ترجمة فؤاد زكريا، القاهرة: الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب، 1974.
دووركين، رونالد. أخذ الحقوق على محمل الجد، ترجمة منير الكشو، تونس: المركز الوطني للترجمة، دار سيناترا، 2015.
روسن، ريتشارد. أخلاق العمل المهني: كيف تكون عادلًا في عالم معقد ثقافيًا، ترجمة خالد قطب، القاهرة: المركز القومي للترجمة، 2018.
رولز، جون. العدالة كإنصاف: إعادة صياغة، ترجمة حيدر حاج إسماعيل، بيروت: المنظمة العربية للترجمة، 2009.
الطويل، توفيق. فلسفة الأخلاق، القاهرة، دار النهضة العربية، ط9، 1991.
عبد الرحمن، طه. سؤال الأخلاق: مساهمة في النقد الأخلاقي للحداثة الغربية، الدار البيضاء: المركز الثقافي العربي، 2000.
عزمي بشارة (محرر)، سؤال الأخلاق في الحضارة العربية الإسلامية، بيروت: المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات، 2018.
قطب، خالد. "جائحة كوفيد – 19 وغياب المسؤولية الأخلاقية"، مجلة الفيصل العلمية، ع62، (الرياض، يناير- مارس 2021)، ص50-57.
–––. "مقاربة فلسفية للظلم المعرفي: علاقة الطبيب المعالج بالمريض"، ع9، مجلة مثاقفات (خريف 2023).
كانْت، إيمانويل. تأسيس ميتافيزيقا الأخلاق، ترجمة عبد الغفار مكاوي، كولونيا-ألمانيا: منشورات الجمل، ط1، 2002.
كفيليس، دانييل. "من تحت معطف اليوجينا: السياسة التاريخية للطاقم الوراثي البشري"، ضمن: الشفرة الوراثية للإنسان: القضايا العلمية والاجتماعية لمشروع الجينوم البشري، ترجمة أحمد مستجير، الكويت: المجلس الوطني للثقافة والعلوم والآداب، سلسلة عالم المعرفة، 1997.
لويد، دينيس. فكرة القانون، ترجمة سليم الصويص، الكويت: المجلس الوطني للثقافة والفنون والآداب، سلسلة عالم المعرفة، 1981.
محمود، زكي نجيب. موقف من الميتافيزيقا، القاهرة: دار الشروق، 1987.
المضرب، عبد الرزاق. مبادئ الأخلاق المهنية، أبو ظبي: مطبوعات جامعة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، 2003.