Language Planning and Questions of National Security: An Overview of Planning Approaches
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
Dec 25, 2024
Copyright Information
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Soufiane Ouaki
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8261-6738
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8261-6738
Abstract
This paper examines ways in which language planning has been used to address issues of security. It gives an overview of a range of areas of security in which government-level language planning has had a role as a way of developing a typology of language planning work in this area. It examines the nexus between language, communication and security found in language planning activities with a security focus and critiques the conceptual bases on which language solutions are introduced into security problems.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Language planningSecurityForeign language learningLanguage technologies
References
Aaseng, N. Navajo Code Talkers: America’s Secret Weapon in World War II, New York: Walker & Company, 1992.
Ambassade Française en République, “tchèque, La coopération militaire” [Military cooperation], article5665 (2007), Accessed 9/5/2007. http://www.france.cz/article.php3?id
Ambassade Française en Ukraine, “Présentation de la coopération militaire franco-ukrainienne” [Presentation on Franco-Ukrainian military cooperation], article513 (2007), Accessed 9/5/2007. http://www.ambafrance-ua.org/article.php3?id
Anderson, B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso, 1991.
Babuna, A. “Nationalism and the Bosnian Muslims,” East European Quarterly, No. 2 (1999), pp. 195–218.
Ben-Ami, S. “Basque nationalism between archaism and modernity,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 26, No. 3-4, (1991). pp. 493-521.
Brecht, R.D. Language in the US Post September 11: A Practical Design for a Federal Language Strategy, University of Maryland & College Park: National Foreign Language Center, 2003.
Brecht, R.D. and Rivers, W.P. Language and National Security for the 21st Century: The Role of Title VI/Fulbright-Hays in Supporting National Language Capacity, Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt, 2000.
–––. “The language crisis in the United States: Language, national security and the federal role,” In: S. Baker (ed.), Language Policy: Lessons from Global Models (Monterey, CA: Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2002), pp. 76–90
Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, “Partnerschaft [Partnership]” (2002). https://www.bmvg.de/de
Carey, S.A. & others “Standardizing Battle Management Language - Facilitating Coalition Interoperability,” Paper presented at the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) (European Simulation Interoperability Workshop, 2002). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Standardizing-Battle-Management-Language-%E2%80%93-Carey-Kleiner/b12397259c5e38b4d1d497931a903ed9ed730ed3. Accessed 19/5/2007.
Chilton, P.A. "The role of language in human conflict: Prolegomena to the investigation of language as a factor in conflict causation and resolution,” In: S. Wright (ed.), Language and Conflict: A Neglected Relationship (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1998), pp. 2–17.
Churchill, W. Winston. The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War, London: Longmans, Green, 1898.
Cieri, C. and Liberman, M. “TIDES Language Resources: A Resource Map for Translingual Information Access,” Paper presented at the proceedings of the Third International Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, Las Palmas, Spain: May, 2002, Date of Access: April 7, 2023. Microsoft Word - LREC2002 - TIDES Languages Resources - Paper.doc (lrec-conf.org)
Clyne, M. “Australia’s language policies: Are we going backwards?” In: A.J. Liddicoat (ed.), Language Planning and Language Policy in Australia (Melbourne: ALAA, 1991a); M. Clyne, Community Languages: The Australian Experience (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1991b).
Cooper, R. L. Language Planning and Social Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Crichton, J. “Doing battle with a noun: Notes on the grammar of ‘terror’,” Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 30, No. 2 (2007). pp. 19.1-19.18. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.30.2.02cri
Dingman, R.V. “Language at war: U.S. marine corps Japanese language officers in the Pacific war,” The Journal of Military History, Vol. 68, No. 3 (2004), pp. 853-883.
Dragosavlevic′, A. “Language planning in the Republika Srpska,” In: A. J. Liddicoat & K. Muller (eds.), Perspectives of Europe: Language Issues and Language Planning in Europe, Melbourne: Language Australia, 2002, pp. 141-152.
Dragosavlevic′, A. “Language policies and academic responses: The Ekavian debate in Republika Srpska, Australian Slavonic and East European Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1-2 (2000), pp. 1-27.
Elliott, G. & Shukman, H. Secret Classrooms: An Untold Story of the Cold War, London: St Ermin’s Press, 2003.
Eco, U. Mouse or Rat? Translation as Negotiation, London: Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 2003.
Estival, D. “The language translation interface: A perspective from the users,” Machine Translation, Vol. 19, 2005, pp. 175-192.
Franco, H. & others, “Development of Phrase Translation Systems for Handheld Computers: From Concept to Field,” Paper presented at the Eurospeech 2003 (Geneva: 2003). Accessed 23/4/2007. http://www.speech.sri.com/projects/translation/eurospeech2003.pdf
Himmelfarb, G. “The politics of democracy: The English Reform Act of 1867,” The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1(1966), pp. 97-138.
Hale, W. Turkish Politics and the Military, London & New York: Routledge, 1994.
Kaplan, R. B. & Baldauf, R. B. Language Planning: From Practice to Theory, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1997.
Kramsch, C. “Post 9/11: Foreign languages between knowledge and power,” Applied Linguistics, Vol. 26, No. 4 (2005), pp. 545-567. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ami026
Krivas, A. “Towards interoperability: Actions at home,” Baltic Defence Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1999), pp. 1-7.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M., Metaphors We Live By, Chicago: University of Chicago,1980.
Kulacki, G. “Lost in translation,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 62, No. 3 (2006), pp. 34-39.
Leudar, I. & Others, “On membership categorization: ‘Us’, ‘them’ and ‘doing violence’ in political discourse,” Discourse & Society, Vol, 15, No. 2-3 (2004), pp. 243-266.
Liddicoat, A.J. “The conceptualisation of the cultural component of language teaching in Australian language-in-education policy,” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Vol. 25, No. 4 (2004), pp. 297-317.
Liddicoat, A.J. “Culture for language learning in Australian language-in-education policy,” Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 28, No. 2 (2005), pp. 1-28.
–––. “Interculturalidad y evolución de las interpretaciones en el multicul-turalismo y educación del lenguaje en la política nacional Australiana,” In: R. Terborg and L.G. Landa (eds.), Los retos de la planificación del lenguaje en el siglo XXI (Mexico: UNAM, 2006), pp. 113–132.
Maloney, M.J. & Lincoln, J.O. “Security assistance training: A plan for system sales,” DISAM Journal of International Security Assistance Management, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1986), pp. 89-98. Accessed 9/5/2007. http://disam.osd.mil/pubs/Journal%20Index/Journals/Journal_Index/Vol%209-1/Maloney%20&%20Lincoln.pdf.
Masters, J. Bugles and a Tiger, New York: Viking,1956.
McBeath, N. “English for military purposes in the age of information technology,” TESOL Law Journal, Vol. 1 (2006), pp. 50-60.
McDonald, H. “Cheney’s tough talking derails negotiations with North Korea,” Sydney Morning Herald (22 December, 2003). https://www.smh.com.au/world/cheneys-tough-talking-derails-negotiations-with-north-korea-20031222-gdi10g.html
Meadows, W.C. The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II, Austin. TX: University of Texas Press, 2002.
Mikula, M. “Croatia’s independence and the language politics of the 1990s,” In: A.J. Liddicoat & K. Muller (eds.), Perspectives on Europe: Language Issues and Language Planning in Europe (Melbourne: Language Australia, 2002), pp. 109-124.
Miller, K.J., Reeder, F., Hirschman, L. and Palmer, D.D. “Multilingual Processing for Operational Users,” Paper presented at the NATO Workshop on Multilingual Processing at EUROSPEECH (September 1, 2001), Date of Access: April 7, 2023. http://www.mitre.org/work/tech_papers/tech_papers_01/miller_multilingual/miller_multilingual.pdf
Montagnon, P. Légionnaires d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, [Legionnaires of Yesterday and Today], Paris: Pygmalion, 2006.
Müller, E.K. “Addressing counterterrorism: US literacy in languages and international affairs,” Language Problems & Language Planning, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-21.
Olive, J. “Global autonomous language exploitation (GALE): DARPA Information Processing Technology Office program announcement” (2005), Date of Access: April 7, 2023, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency - Content not found (darpa.mil)
Ozolins, U. The Politics of Language in Australia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Robertson, G. “Crisis Management: A New Role for NATO: Speech by the Secretary General at the Marshall Center (14 Sept, 2000), Date of Access: April 7, 2007. https://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2000/s000914a.htm
Rovighi, A. Un secolo di relazioni militari tra Italia e Svizzera 1851–1961 [A Century of Military Relations between Italy and Switzerland], Rome: Ufficio Storico Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, 1987.
Seabird Aviation Jordon, Seeker SBL7-360A: Generic technical and commercial proposal (2005), Accessed 30/4/2007. http://www.seabirdaviationjordan.com/pdf/saj_seekers_brochure.pdf
Smith, S.C. “General Templer and counter-insurgency in Malaya: Hearts and minds, intelligence, and propaganda,” Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2001), pp. 60-78.
Spolsky, B. “Heritage languages and national security: An ecological view,” In: S. Baker (ed.), Language Policy: Lessons from Global Models, (Monterey, CA: Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2002), pp. 103–114.
Strevens, P. & Weeks, F. “The creation of a regularised subset of English for mandatory use in maritime communication: SEASPEAK,” Language Planning Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1985), pp. 1-6.
United States General Accounting Office, “Foreign languages: Workforce planning could help address staffing and proficiency shortfalls” (2002). Accessed 23/4/2007. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-02-514t
Vallverdú, F. “Los estudios sociolingüísticos en España, especialmente la Cataluña,” In: C. Klee & L. Ramos García (eds.) Sociolinguistics of the Spanish-Speaking World, Tempe, AZ: Bilingual Press, 1991.
Waibel, A. & others, “Speechalator: Two-Way Speech-to-Speech Translation on a Consumer PDA,” Paper presented at the Eurospeech 2003 (Geneva: 2003), Accessed 23/4/2007. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/papers/eurospeech2003/speechalator.pdf
Waters, M. Globalisation, London: Routledge, 1995.
Michael C. Williams, “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4 (2003), pp. 511-531.
Woolard, K.A. A Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,1989.
Ambassade Française en République, “tchèque, La coopération militaire” [Military cooperation], article5665 (2007), Accessed 9/5/2007. http://www.france.cz/article.php3?id
Ambassade Française en Ukraine, “Présentation de la coopération militaire franco-ukrainienne” [Presentation on Franco-Ukrainian military cooperation], article513 (2007), Accessed 9/5/2007. http://www.ambafrance-ua.org/article.php3?id
Anderson, B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso, 1991.
Babuna, A. “Nationalism and the Bosnian Muslims,” East European Quarterly, No. 2 (1999), pp. 195–218.
Ben-Ami, S. “Basque nationalism between archaism and modernity,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 26, No. 3-4, (1991). pp. 493-521.
Brecht, R.D. Language in the US Post September 11: A Practical Design for a Federal Language Strategy, University of Maryland & College Park: National Foreign Language Center, 2003.
Brecht, R.D. and Rivers, W.P. Language and National Security for the 21st Century: The Role of Title VI/Fulbright-Hays in Supporting National Language Capacity, Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt, 2000.
–––. “The language crisis in the United States: Language, national security and the federal role,” In: S. Baker (ed.), Language Policy: Lessons from Global Models (Monterey, CA: Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2002), pp. 76–90
Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, “Partnerschaft [Partnership]” (2002). https://www.bmvg.de/de
Carey, S.A. & others “Standardizing Battle Management Language - Facilitating Coalition Interoperability,” Paper presented at the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) (European Simulation Interoperability Workshop, 2002). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Standardizing-Battle-Management-Language-%E2%80%93-Carey-Kleiner/b12397259c5e38b4d1d497931a903ed9ed730ed3. Accessed 19/5/2007.
Chilton, P.A. "The role of language in human conflict: Prolegomena to the investigation of language as a factor in conflict causation and resolution,” In: S. Wright (ed.), Language and Conflict: A Neglected Relationship (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1998), pp. 2–17.
Churchill, W. Winston. The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War, London: Longmans, Green, 1898.
Cieri, C. and Liberman, M. “TIDES Language Resources: A Resource Map for Translingual Information Access,” Paper presented at the proceedings of the Third International Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, Las Palmas, Spain: May, 2002, Date of Access: April 7, 2023. Microsoft Word - LREC2002 - TIDES Languages Resources - Paper.doc (lrec-conf.org)
Clyne, M. “Australia’s language policies: Are we going backwards?” In: A.J. Liddicoat (ed.), Language Planning and Language Policy in Australia (Melbourne: ALAA, 1991a); M. Clyne, Community Languages: The Australian Experience (Cambridge: Cambridge University press, 1991b).
Cooper, R. L. Language Planning and Social Change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Crichton, J. “Doing battle with a noun: Notes on the grammar of ‘terror’,” Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 30, No. 2 (2007). pp. 19.1-19.18. https://doi.org/10.1075/aral.30.2.02cri
Dingman, R.V. “Language at war: U.S. marine corps Japanese language officers in the Pacific war,” The Journal of Military History, Vol. 68, No. 3 (2004), pp. 853-883.
Dragosavlevic′, A. “Language planning in the Republika Srpska,” In: A. J. Liddicoat & K. Muller (eds.), Perspectives of Europe: Language Issues and Language Planning in Europe, Melbourne: Language Australia, 2002, pp. 141-152.
Dragosavlevic′, A. “Language policies and academic responses: The Ekavian debate in Republika Srpska, Australian Slavonic and East European Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1-2 (2000), pp. 1-27.
Elliott, G. & Shukman, H. Secret Classrooms: An Untold Story of the Cold War, London: St Ermin’s Press, 2003.
Eco, U. Mouse or Rat? Translation as Negotiation, London: Wiedenfeld & Nicolson, 2003.
Estival, D. “The language translation interface: A perspective from the users,” Machine Translation, Vol. 19, 2005, pp. 175-192.
Franco, H. & others, “Development of Phrase Translation Systems for Handheld Computers: From Concept to Field,” Paper presented at the Eurospeech 2003 (Geneva: 2003). Accessed 23/4/2007. http://www.speech.sri.com/projects/translation/eurospeech2003.pdf
Himmelfarb, G. “The politics of democracy: The English Reform Act of 1867,” The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1(1966), pp. 97-138.
Hale, W. Turkish Politics and the Military, London & New York: Routledge, 1994.
Kaplan, R. B. & Baldauf, R. B. Language Planning: From Practice to Theory, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1997.
Kramsch, C. “Post 9/11: Foreign languages between knowledge and power,” Applied Linguistics, Vol. 26, No. 4 (2005), pp. 545-567. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/ami026
Krivas, A. “Towards interoperability: Actions at home,” Baltic Defence Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1999), pp. 1-7.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M., Metaphors We Live By, Chicago: University of Chicago,1980.
Kulacki, G. “Lost in translation,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 62, No. 3 (2006), pp. 34-39.
Leudar, I. & Others, “On membership categorization: ‘Us’, ‘them’ and ‘doing violence’ in political discourse,” Discourse & Society, Vol, 15, No. 2-3 (2004), pp. 243-266.
Liddicoat, A.J. “The conceptualisation of the cultural component of language teaching in Australian language-in-education policy,” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, Vol. 25, No. 4 (2004), pp. 297-317.
Liddicoat, A.J. “Culture for language learning in Australian language-in-education policy,” Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, Vol. 28, No. 2 (2005), pp. 1-28.
–––. “Interculturalidad y evolución de las interpretaciones en el multicul-turalismo y educación del lenguaje en la política nacional Australiana,” In: R. Terborg and L.G. Landa (eds.), Los retos de la planificación del lenguaje en el siglo XXI (Mexico: UNAM, 2006), pp. 113–132.
Maloney, M.J. & Lincoln, J.O. “Security assistance training: A plan for system sales,” DISAM Journal of International Security Assistance Management, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1986), pp. 89-98. Accessed 9/5/2007. http://disam.osd.mil/pubs/Journal%20Index/Journals/Journal_Index/Vol%209-1/Maloney%20&%20Lincoln.pdf.
Masters, J. Bugles and a Tiger, New York: Viking,1956.
McBeath, N. “English for military purposes in the age of information technology,” TESOL Law Journal, Vol. 1 (2006), pp. 50-60.
McDonald, H. “Cheney’s tough talking derails negotiations with North Korea,” Sydney Morning Herald (22 December, 2003). https://www.smh.com.au/world/cheneys-tough-talking-derails-negotiations-with-north-korea-20031222-gdi10g.html
Meadows, W.C. The Comanche Code Talkers of World War II, Austin. TX: University of Texas Press, 2002.
Mikula, M. “Croatia’s independence and the language politics of the 1990s,” In: A.J. Liddicoat & K. Muller (eds.), Perspectives on Europe: Language Issues and Language Planning in Europe (Melbourne: Language Australia, 2002), pp. 109-124.
Miller, K.J., Reeder, F., Hirschman, L. and Palmer, D.D. “Multilingual Processing for Operational Users,” Paper presented at the NATO Workshop on Multilingual Processing at EUROSPEECH (September 1, 2001), Date of Access: April 7, 2023. http://www.mitre.org/work/tech_papers/tech_papers_01/miller_multilingual/miller_multilingual.pdf
Montagnon, P. Légionnaires d’hier et d’aujourd’hui, [Legionnaires of Yesterday and Today], Paris: Pygmalion, 2006.
Müller, E.K. “Addressing counterterrorism: US literacy in languages and international affairs,” Language Problems & Language Planning, Vol. 26, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-21.
Olive, J. “Global autonomous language exploitation (GALE): DARPA Information Processing Technology Office program announcement” (2005), Date of Access: April 7, 2023, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency - Content not found (darpa.mil)
Ozolins, U. The Politics of Language in Australia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Robertson, G. “Crisis Management: A New Role for NATO: Speech by the Secretary General at the Marshall Center (14 Sept, 2000), Date of Access: April 7, 2007. https://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2000/s000914a.htm
Rovighi, A. Un secolo di relazioni militari tra Italia e Svizzera 1851–1961 [A Century of Military Relations between Italy and Switzerland], Rome: Ufficio Storico Stato Maggiore dell’Esercito, 1987.
Seabird Aviation Jordon, Seeker SBL7-360A: Generic technical and commercial proposal (2005), Accessed 30/4/2007. http://www.seabirdaviationjordan.com/pdf/saj_seekers_brochure.pdf
Smith, S.C. “General Templer and counter-insurgency in Malaya: Hearts and minds, intelligence, and propaganda,” Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2001), pp. 60-78.
Spolsky, B. “Heritage languages and national security: An ecological view,” In: S. Baker (ed.), Language Policy: Lessons from Global Models, (Monterey, CA: Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2002), pp. 103–114.
Strevens, P. & Weeks, F. “The creation of a regularised subset of English for mandatory use in maritime communication: SEASPEAK,” Language Planning Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1985), pp. 1-6.
United States General Accounting Office, “Foreign languages: Workforce planning could help address staffing and proficiency shortfalls” (2002). Accessed 23/4/2007. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-02-514t
Vallverdú, F. “Los estudios sociolingüísticos en España, especialmente la Cataluña,” In: C. Klee & L. Ramos García (eds.) Sociolinguistics of the Spanish-Speaking World, Tempe, AZ: Bilingual Press, 1991.
Waibel, A. & others, “Speechalator: Two-Way Speech-to-Speech Translation on a Consumer PDA,” Paper presented at the Eurospeech 2003 (Geneva: 2003), Accessed 23/4/2007. http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~awb/papers/eurospeech2003/speechalator.pdf
Waters, M. Globalisation, London: Routledge, 1995.
Michael C. Williams, “Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4 (2003), pp. 511-531.
Woolard, K.A. A Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,1989.
How to Cite
Ouaki, Soufiane. 2024. “Language Planning and Questions of National Security: An Overview of Planning Approaches”. Tajseer Journal 6 (2). https://doi.org/10.29117/tis.2024.0192.
Section
Translations