Evolution of Sustainability and Media Coverage at the 2022 Qatar World Cup: An Analytical Study
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Jun 9, 2024
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Salwa Hamed Almulla
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7748-5291
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7748-5291
Abstract
Sustainability has become a key component of Sports Mega-Events (SME) since its inception in the 1980s and has evolved to include themes around social, economic, and environmental fronts. The 2022 Qatar World Cup is the first to be hosted in the Middle East, which presented a unique opportunity not only for Qatar to demonstrate its culture and heritage globally but also to allow people from around the world to connect with and share the Middle Eastern way of life. However, the event faced consistent criticism from Western media, governments, and NGOs, which became the key global narrative around the World Cup and reflected in the event’s sustainability strategy. This study first analyzes the sustainability frameworks of recent SMEs and finds an overwhelming focus on human rights issues in the Qatar World Cup, unlike other contemporary events. To understand this phenomenon, a content analysis of the coverage of the World Cup in major global news agencies found largely negative reporting of the event on issues such as corruption, human rights abuses, and intolerance towards marginalized communities. Applying the framework of Orientalism helps explain this disparity, and the paper furthers some tentative suggestions for governments and sports organizing bodies to adopt a sustainable framework, which is culturally responsive and aware of the needs of countries from the Global South.
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Keywords
SustainabilityMega-EventsWorld CupQatarOrientalism
References
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Pan, Zhongdang, & Gerald M. Kosicki. "Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse," Political Communication, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1993, pp. 55-75. DOI: 10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
Qadri, Mustafa. "Qatar Labour Reforms Ahead of the FIFA 2022 World Cup," Business and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2022, pp. 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2022.14
Roche, Maurice. "Mega-Events and Micro-Modernization: On the Sociology of the New Urban Tourism," British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 43, No. 4 (1992), pp. 563–600. https://doi.org/10.2307/591340
–––. "Mega-events, time and modernity: on time structures in global society." Time & Society, Vol. 12, Issue. 1, 2003, 99-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X030120013
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Sugden, John, and Alan Tomlinson. "Power and Resistance in the Governance of World Football: Theorizing FIFA's Transnational Impact," Journal of Sport & Social Issues, Vol. 22, No. 3 (1998), p. 313. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372398022003005
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Tilt, Carol Ann. "The Influence of External Pressure Groups on Corporate Social Disclosure: Some Empirical Evidence," Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1994, pp. 47-72. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/emerald-publishing/the-influence-of-external-pressure-groups-on-corporate-social-UaFShqkZYy
Timms, Jill. "The Olympics as a Platform for Protest: A Case Study of the London 2012 ‘Ethical’ Games and the Play Fair Campaign for Workers’ Rights," Leisure Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2012, pp. 355-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2012.667821
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Weiler, Joseph, and Arun Mohan. "The Olympic Games and the Triple Bottom Line of Sustainability: Opportunities and Challenges," International Journal of Sport and Society, Vol. 1. No 1, 2010, pp. 187–192.
Andrew, Blake C. "Media-generated shortcuts: Do newspaper headlines present another roadblock for low-information rationality?" Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 12, no. 2 (2007), pp. 24-43.
Andrew, Blake C. "Media-generated Shortcuts: Do Newspaper Headlines Present Another Roadblock for Low-Information Rationality?" Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol. 12, No. 2 2007, pp. 24-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/1081180X07299795
Banerjee, Subhabrata Bobby. "Corporate Social Responsibility: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly," Critical Sociology, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2008), pp. 51-79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920507084623
Berg, Bruce L. "Qualitative research methods for the social sciences." (2001).
Bowen, Glenn A. "Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method," Qualitative Research Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2 (2009), pp. 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Brundtland, G. H. et al. Our Common Future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, United Nations, New York: 1987.
Carl Death, "“Greening” the 2010 FIFA World Cup: Environmental Sustainability and the Mega-event in South Africa," Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, vol. 13, No 2 (2011), pp. 99–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2011.572656
Donella H. Meadows and Club of Rome, eds., "The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind" (New York: Universe Books, 1972).
Ferrari, Sonia, and Chito Guala. "Mega-events and their Legacy: Image and Tourism in Genoa, Turin, and Milan," Leisure Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1, 2017, pp. 119-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.1037788
FIFA. "Russia and Qatar Awarded 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups," FIFA.com, 2010. https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/worldcup/2018russia/media-releases/russia-and-qatar-awarded-2018 and-2022-fifa-world-cups-1344698
FIFA. "Development and Implementation of the 2014 FIFA World Cup™ Sustainability Strategy." FIFA.com, 2013.
FIFA. "Sustainability Report of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia." Zurich, Switzerland, 2019.
FIFA. "Sustainability Strategy 2018 FIFA World Cup." Zurich, Switzerland, 2015.
Graber, Doris A. Processing Politics: Learning from Television in the Internet Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001.
Griffin, T. R. "Football in the Hands of the Other: Qatar's World Cup in the British Broadsheet Press." The Arab World Geographer, Vol. 20, No. 2-3 (2017), pp. 170-182. http://arabworldgeographer.org/doi/abs/10.5555/1480-6800.20.2.170
Griffin, Thomas Ross. "National identity, social legacy and Qatar 2022: the cultural ramifications of FIFA’s first Arab World Cup." In Moments, Metaphors, Memories, pp. 104-117. Routledge, 2021.
Griffin, Thomas R. "National Identity, Social Legacy and Qatar 2022: The Cultural Ramifications of FIFA’s First Arab World Cup," Soccer & Society, Vol. 20, No. 7-8, 2019). pp. 1000-1013. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2019.1680499
Hofstetter, Richard. "Content Analysis," in Dan Nimmo & K. R. Sanders (ed) Handbook of Political Communication, Newbury Park: Sage, 1981, pp. 529-560.
Human Rights Watch. "Beijing Olympics Begin Amid Atrocity Crimes: 243 Global Groups Call for Action on Rights Concerns." Retrieved from: https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/27/beijing-olympics-begin-amid-atrocity-crimes.
Hussain, Umer. "Orientalism and Media Coverage of the 2022 Qatar World Cup," The Society Pages, September 22, 2021, at: https://thesocietypages.org/engagingsports/2021/09/22/orientalism-and-media-coverage-of-the-2022-qatar-world-cup/
International Labour Organization, "22 Progress Report on the Technical Cooperation Programme between the Government of Qatar and the ILO" (Qatar: November 2022), at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---arabstates/---ro-beirut/---ilo-qatar/documents/publication/wcms_859839.pdf
Jones, Mark Owen "How Western Press Coverage of Qatar World Cup 2022 Descended into Hypocrisy and Orientalist Caricatures." The New Arab. Retrieved from: https://www.newarab.com/opinion/uk-press-coverage-qatar-2022-hypocrisy-and-orientalism.
Jones, Marc O. "How Western Press Coverage of Qatar World Cup 2022 Descended into Hypocrisy and Orientalist Caricatures," The New Arab, February 19, 24, at: https://www.newarab.com/opinion/uk-press-coverage-qatar-2022-hypocrisy-and-orientalism
Krippendorff, Klaus. Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Sage Publications, 2018.
Landrum, Nancy E., and Brian Ohsowski. "Identifying Worldviews on Corporate Sustainability: A Content Analysis of Corporate Sustainability Reports," Business Strategy and the Environment, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2018, pp. 128-151. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1989
Mair, Judith, P. Monica Chien, Sarah Jane Kelly, and Stephanie Derrington. "Social impacts of mega-events: A systematic narrative review and research agenda." Journal of Sustainable Tourism 31, no. 2 (2023): 538-560.
Marston, Kevin T. "A Lost Legacy of Fraternity? The Case of European Youth Football," in Richard Holt & Dino Ruta (ed), Routledge Handbook of Sport and Legacy, Routledge, 2015, pp. 176-188.
Mills, A. "Qatar Faced Unprecedented Criticism over Hosting World Cup, Emir Says." Reuters. 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-faced-unprecedented-criticism-host-country-world-cup-emir-says-2022-10-25.
Mills, Alistair. "Qatar Faced Unprecedented Criticism over Hosting World Cup, Emir Says," Reuters, 2012, at: https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/qatar-faced-unprecedented-criticism-host-country-world-cup-emir-says-2022-10-25
Mol, A. P. J. "Sustainability as Global Attractor: The Greening of the 2008 Beijing Olympics," Global Networks, vol. 10. No. 4, 2010, pp. 510–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00289.x
Okolie, Andrew C. "Introduction to the Special Issue -- Identity: Now You Don't See It; Now You Do," Identity, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2003, pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532706XID0301_01
Olley, James. "World Cup: FIFA President Infantino Slams Europe's 'Hypocrisy' in Speech," ESPN.com, November 19, 2022, at: https://www.espn.com/soccer/fifa-world-cup/story/4806508/world-cup-fifa-president-infantino-slams-europe-hypocrisy-in-astonishing-speech
Pan, Zhongdang, & Gerald M. Kosicki. "Framing Analysis: An Approach to News Discourse," Political Communication, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1993, pp. 55-75. DOI: 10.1080/10584609.1993.9962963
Qadri, Mustafa. "Qatar Labour Reforms Ahead of the FIFA 2022 World Cup," Business and Human Rights Journal, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2022, pp. 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2022.14
Roche, Maurice. "Mega-Events and Micro-Modernization: On the Sociology of the New Urban Tourism," British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 43, No. 4 (1992), pp. 563–600. https://doi.org/10.2307/591340
–––. "Mega-events, time and modernity: on time structures in global society." Time & Society, Vol. 12, Issue. 1, 2003, 99-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X030120013
Roome, Nigel. "Looking Back, Thinking Forward: Distinguishing Between Weak and Strong Sustainability," in P. Bansal and A. Hoffman (ed), The Oxford Handbook of Business and the Natural Environment (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 620–629. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199584451.003.0034
Sadiki, Larbi, Rwoda Al-Naimi & Najla Al-Naimi. "Self-Other Perceptions: “Worlding” in the World Cup," Al Jazeera Centre for Studies, January 15, 2018, pp. 1-12, at: https://studies.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/articles/reports/documents/4e4a42c1f99a47e682e428aa5f59353c_100.pdf
Said, Edward W. Orientalism, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, 1978.
Solberg, Harry Arne, and Holger Preuss. "Major Sport Events and Long-term Tourism Impacts." Journal of Sport Management 21, no. 2 (2007), pp. 213-234.
Spalding, Andy. "Guest Post: The Orientalist Criticisms of Qatar’s World Cup," The Global Anticorruption Blog, February 17, 2022, at: https://globalanticorruptionblog.com/2022/02/17/guest-post-the-orientalist-criticisms-of-qatars-world-cup/
Springett, Delyse. "Critical perspectives on sustainable development." Sustainable Development 21, no. 2 (2013), pp. 73-82.
Springett, Delyse. "Editorial: Critical Perspectives on Sustainable Development," Sustainable Development, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2013, pp. 73-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1556
Stemler, Steve. "An Overview of Content Analysis," Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, Vol. 7, No. 17, 2001, pp. 1-10. http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=7&n=17
Sugden, John, and Alan Tomlinson. "Power and Resistance in the Governance of World Football: Theorizing FIFA's Transnational Impact," Journal of Sport & Social Issues, Vol. 22, No. 3 (1998), p. 313. https://doi.org/10.1177/019372398022003005
Talavera, Abel Meza, Sami G. Al-Ghamdi, and Muammer Koç. "Sustainability in mega-events: Beyond Qatar 2022." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (2019): 6407.
Tilt, Carol Ann. "The Influence of External Pressure Groups on Corporate Social Disclosure: Some Empirical Evidence," Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4, 1994, pp. 47-72. https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/emerald-publishing/the-influence-of-external-pressure-groups-on-corporate-social-UaFShqkZYy
Timms, Jill. "The Olympics as a Platform for Protest: A Case Study of the London 2012 ‘Ethical’ Games and the Play Fair Campaign for Workers’ Rights," Leisure Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2012, pp. 355-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2012.667821
Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Sustainability Post Games Report: Tokyo 2020, Tokyo: Olympic World Library, 2021.
United Nations. Report of the World Summit for Social Development, Copenhagen, 6-12 March 1995, New York: United Nations Publication,1996.
Weber, Robert Philip. Basic Content Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage, 1985.
Weiler, Joseph, and Arun Mohan. "The Olympic Games and the Triple Bottom Line of Sustainability: Opportunities and Challenges," International Journal of Sport and Society, Vol. 1. No 1, 2010, pp. 187–192.
How to Cite
Almulla, Salwa Hamed. 2024. “Evolution of Sustainability and Media Coverage at the 2022 Qatar World Cup: An Analytical Study”. Tajseer Journal 6 (1). https://doi.org/10.29117/tis.2024.0166.
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