Interdisciplinarity in Historical Perspective
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Jul 17, 2025
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هناء خليف غني
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5863-0918
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5863-0918
Abstract
This paper sketches a historical account of interdisciplinarity. A central claim advanced is that the modern array of scientific and humanistic disciplines and interdisciplinarity emerged together; both are moving targets, which must therefore be studied historically in relation to one another as institutionalized practices. A second claim is that of a steadily increasing complexity; new fields emerged on the boundaries of existing disciplines beginning in the late nineteenth century, followed by multi- and transdisciplinary initiatives in the twentieth, and finally transdisciplinary programmatic research in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The latter two phases in this development have been driven primarily by funding agencies seeking to move the sciences in particular directions deemed socially or politically desirable (in dictatorships as well as democracies), while the existing disciplines remained in place and new ones came into being. Such policy initiatives have transformed both disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity in unanticipated ways. The question whether multi- or transdisciplinary arrangements produce epistemically better science or scholarship appears not to have been raised, let alone examined, by the policy actors driving their creation.
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Keywords
InterdisciplinarityMultidisciplinaryTransdisciplinaryHistoryPolicy
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Kohler, Robert E. Partners in Science: Foundations and Natural Scientists 1900–1945. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
Krige, John. American Hegemony and the Reconstruction of Science in Postwar Europe. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
Krige, John, and Rausch, Helke (eds.). American Foundations and the Coproduction of World Order in the Twentieth Century. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2012.
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Lenoir, Timothy. Instituting Science: The Cultural Production of Scientific Disciplines. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1997.
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Moore, Erin Christine, “Transdisciplinary Efforts at Public Science Agencies: NSF’s SciSIP Program,” in: R. Frodeman, J. Thompson Klein, and C. Mitcham (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of 640 Interdisciplinarity in Historical Perspective Interdisciplinarity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), P. 339.
National Academy of Sciences, Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research. Washington. D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 2004.
Neufeld, Michael. The Rocket and the Reich: Pennemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missle Era. New York: The Free Press, 1995.
Nye, Mary Jo. From Chemical Philosophy to Theoretical Chemistry: Dynamics of Matter and Dynamics of Disciplines, 1800–1950. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
Nyhart, Lynn K. Biology Takes Form: Animal Morphology and the German Universities, 1800–1900. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
Oreskes, Naomi, and Krige, John (eds.). Science and Technology in the Global Cold War. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014.
Orth, Karin. “From Emergency Association to Service Organization— Outlines of the Development of the German Research Foundation 1949– 1973,” in: Walker, M., Orth, K., Herbert, U. & Bruch, V. R. (eds.), The German Research Foundation 1920–1970. Funding Poised between Science and Politics. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2013), pp.85–96.
Rasch, Manfred. Vorgeschichte und Gründung des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts für Kohlenforschung in Mühlheim a. d. Ruhr. Hagen: V.d. Linnepe Verlag, 1987.
Ringer, Fritz K. The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community 1890–1933, Reprint ed. Middleton, CT: Wesleyan University Press, [1969] 1990.
Rössler, Mechthild, and Schleiermacher, Sabine (eds.). “Der Generalplan Ost.” Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1993.
Schmuhl, Hans-Walter. Grenzüberschreitungen. Das Kaiser-WilhelmInstitut für Anthropologie, menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik 1927–1945, Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus, vol. 9. Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2005.
Schnädelbach, Herbert. Philosophy in Germany 1831–1933. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [1983] 2009.
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How to Cite
غني هناء خليف. 2025. “Interdisciplinarity in Historical Perspective”. Tajseer Journal 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.29117/tis.2025.0213.
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