Assessing the Qatari Food Security Situation During The 2017 Crisis: Potentials, Achievements, and Challenges
Abstract
This paper aims to examine the significant repercussions of the 2017 blockade crisis on Qatar's food security. The crisis led to Qatar's isolation due to the closure of its only land border with Saudi Arabia and the airspace by the countries directly involved in the crisis (Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt). These events exacerbated the challenges that Qatar faced in maintaining internal and market stability, as well as securing the essential needs of its population. However, Qatar managed to overcome this bottleneck phase, successfully maintaining market stability and securing food supplies for around 2.5 million citizens and residents. This achievement was not merely a temporary strategy to address the crisis; rather, it persisted beyond the crisis, with Qatar even exporting some food products after achieving self-sufficiency. Given this context, this paper addresses several research questions, such as: How did Qatar achieve this food security accomplishment? What is the future of food security in Qatar?
The paper adopts a scientific descriptive-analytical approach based on the extrapolation and analysis of the measures taken by the state to overcome the crisis (potentials), leading to the advanced stage of food security in Qatar (achievements), which represent the findings of the study. These findings can be summarized as Qatar's successful attainment of an advanced stage of food security, benefiting from its internal potentials. The research gains authenticity and value by analyzing the strategy Qatar adopted, focusing on investing in its internal self-sufficiency to overcome the challenges of the blockade in the realm of food security and leveraging these potentials as a bridge for cooperation with external international parties.
Metrics
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Food securitySelf-SufficiencyGulf crisisBlockadeInternational Relations
Akkaş, Betül DOĞAN. “Re- Approaching Food Security of Qatar: Challenges and Possibilities,” Ortadoğu Etütleri Vol. 10, No. 2 (December 1, 2018): 68-90.
Al-Ameri, S. “QNFSP: Food Security, Statistics, and Climate Information What Crops to Grow?” Planning and Statistics Authority, December 5, 2012, accessed on 21/01/2023, at https://bit.ly/3QVuxgN
“Al-Amīn al-ʻāmm yshyd" bi-ittifāq lil-ʻālam: Apram al-yawm fī Isṭanbūl lsd Fajwat al-imdādāt al-ghidhāʼīyah al-ʻĀlamīyah" (in Arabic). Mawqiʻ Akhbār al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah, 22/07/2022, Tārīkh al-ziyārah: 10/01/2023, alrābṭ: https://bit.ly/3RYW6X2
Al-Firjānī, A. "anqdhwā al-jubn min al-Iḥtikār ytṣdr tūwītar" (in Arabic). Jarīdat al-waṭan, 27/12/2021, Tārīkh al-ziyārah 06/24/2023, ʻalá alrābṭ: https://bit.ly/3RKnAPP
Al-Minyāwī, Hālah ʻIzz al-Dīn. al-Ḥurr, ʻĪsá Ṣāliḥ. "Idārat Azmat al-ḥiṣār fī Qiṭāʻ al-ghidhāʼ fī Dawlat Qaṭar" (in Arabic). fī Īhāb mḥārmh wa-ākharūn fī "Idārat al-azamāt bayna al-naẓarīyah wa-al-taṭbīq: al-istijābah al-Istirātījīyah li-Dawlat Qaṭar li-azmat al-ḥiṣār, al-Ṭabʻah 1. Qaṭar: al-Markaz al-ʻArabī lil-Abḥāth wa-dirāsat al-Siyāsāt, 2022.
“Al-Muwāṣalāt wa-al-ittiṣālāt. Injāzāt kabīrah wa-khiṭaṭ ṭmwḥh li-nahḍat Qaṭar" (in Arabic). Jarīdat lwsyl, 13/12/2016, Tārīkh al-ziyārah 15/01/2023, ʻalá alrābṭ: https: https://2u.pw/0mOH91c
Al-Saidi, M., & Saliba, S. “Water, Energy and Food Supply Security in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries—a Risk Perspective,” Water ,Vol. 11, no. 3 (2019), p. 6. https://bit.ly/3S5BsEh
Al-Ṣiddīq, Sāmiḥ. "Mīnāʼ Ḥamad ystqbl awwal Safīnat li-mashrūʻ al-amn al-ghidhāʼī" (in Arabic). Jarīdat al-ʻArab, 14/08/2022, Tārīkh al-ziyārah 18/03/2023, ʻalá alrābṭ: https://bit.ly/3Bmk3Sm
Al-Tamīmī, Nāṣir. "twsʻh Mīnāʼ Ḥamad fī Qaṭar: al-tadāʻīyāt al-iqtiṣādīyah wāljyw-syāsyh" (in Arabic). fī Ṣammūd qaṭar namūdhaj fī Muqāwamat al-ḥiṣār wa-qūwat al-Duwal al-ṣaghīrah. al-Ṭabʻah al-ūlá. al-Dawḥah: Markaz al-Jazīrah lil-Dirāsāt, 2018.
Amery, H. "Food Security in Qatar: Threats and Opportunities", Gulf Insights Series Nº 7 –February 2019 (Qatar University: Gulf Studies Center, 2019), p. 4, https://bit.ly/3Ryu2ZI
“Annual Report 2018,”, Mawani Qatar. 2018, p. 9, accessed on 13/03/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3qm8W5n
“Annual Report 2020,” Mawani Qatar. 2020, p. 11, accessed on 16/03/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3RIHU3S
Bākīr, ʻAlī Ḥusayn. Taqārīr: Fakk al-khināq: al-Dawr al-Turkī wālʼyrāny fī isnād Qaṭar (in Arabic). al-Dawḥah: Markaz al-Jazīrah lil-Dirāsāt, Māyū 2018, ʻalá alrābṭ https://bit.ly/3XoFDPr
Ben Hassen, T. & El-Bilali, H. “Food Security in Qatar: The Blockade of 2017 as an Opportunity towards a Productive and Sustainable Local Food Production.” in X International Agriculture Symposium, Agrosym 2019, Jahorina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 3-6 October 2019. Proceedings. Bosnia and Herzegovina: University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Agriculture, 2019.
“Book of Proceedings: X International Scientific Agriculture Symposium ‘AGROSYM 2019,” Agrosym 2019, 2019, 1338, accessed on 17/01/2023, at: http://agrosym.ues.rs.ba/article/showpdf/BOOK_OF_PROCEEDINGS_2019_FINAL.pdf
Byrne, M.“Qatar Export Revenues Soar Amid Tight LNG Market,” mees, 05/08/2022, accessed on 05/02/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3qbSdFl
“Company Report,” QNB, 31/5/2020, accessed on 21/03/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3qyqiMB
Fetais, Abdulla Hamad, et al. “Qatar Airways: Building a Global Brand,” Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences,Vol 37, no. 3 (January 1, 2020), https://bit.ly/3RTthLD
“Food Security and Nutrition: Building a Global Narrative towards 2030,” The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Committe on World Food Security, 2020, pXV, accessed on 13/01/2023, on https://bit.ly/3KbRhGx
Food Security Department,“ Qatar National Food Security Strategy 2018 –2023 “, January 2020, accessed on 19/03/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3qrsPIi
“Food Security,” The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2006, accessed on 13/01/2023,at: https://bit.ly/3A9rWZy
“Global Food Security Index 2018: Building Resilience in the Face of Rising Food-Security Risks,” The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2018, 30, accessed on 12/01/2023, at https://bit.ly/478TTQU
“Global Food Security Index: Country Rankings 2021,” Economist Impact, 2021, accessed on 29/03/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3QzO05y
“Global Food Security Q2 2022,” Deep Knowledge Analytics, July 2022, p. 31, accessed on 29/03/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3Byvnec
Hymbl, Frānk. "Salāsil al-imdādāt wa-al-anẓimah allwjystyh li-Dawlat Qaṭar: Thiqat rāskhh raghma intishār fyrws kwrwnā" (in Arabic). Mawqiʻ Ḥamad ibn Khalīfah, Tārīkh al-ziyārah: 10/01/2023, ʻalá alrābṭ: https://bit.ly/3wicSHV
“International Energy Data and Analysis - Qatar,” U.S. Energy Information Administration, October 20, 2015, p. 1, accessed on 03/02/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3e98zbI
“Its High Time Africa Started Feeding Itself in the Wake of the Russia-Ukraine War, Dr Akinwumi Adesina Tells ‘The National,’” African Development Bank, 04/04/2022, accessed on 10/01/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3qS9Ff1
“Joint Statement on the Extraordinary Summit of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf and the United States of America,” U.S. Government Publishing Office, 23/05/2022, accessed on 12/01/2023, at:https://bit.ly/3PD7zJQ
Kaitibie, Simeon et al. “Managing Food Imports for Food Security in Qatar,” Economies, Vol. 10, no. 7 (July 2022): 4-18. https://bit.ly/3pS9TST
“Kayfa astthmrt Dawlat Qaṭar al-ḥiṣār wḥwlt tbʻāth ilá Makāsib" (in Arabic). Ghurfat Qaṭar-Idārat al-Buḥūth wa-al-Dirāsāt, Tārīkh alzyārt 07/09/2022, ʻalá alrābṭ https://bit.ly/3TQ8Kcg
Khlālfh, Hājar. "al-amn al-ghidhāʼī Ishkālīyat Taʻaddud al-maḍāmīn wtnāmy al-tahdīdāt" (in Arabic). Dafātir al-Mutawassiṭ, Vol. 2, no. 1 (2015): 10-36.
Koch, N. “Food as a Weapon? The Geopolitics of Food and the Qatar–Gulf Rift”. Security Dialogue, Vol. 52, no. 2 (April 2021).
“LHM 280 Mobile Harbour Crane “, liebherr, accessed on 16/03/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3KW3vn4
Mazzoni,A. “Economic and Environmental Sustainability of Water and Food Security in Case of Exogenous Shocks: The Case of Qatar’s Blockade,” in AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, vol. 2019, 2019, GC43H-1397. Accessed on 05/04/2023, at: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AGUFMGC43H1397M/abstract
“Mīnāʼ Ḥamad", Mawāniʼ Qaṭar (in Arabic). Tārīkh al-ziyārah 22/02/2023, ʻalá alrābṭ: https://bit.ly/3TH11gD
Miniaoui, H. Irungu, Patrick and Kaitibie,Simeon.“Contemporary Issues in Qatar’s Food Security,” Middle East Institute, Singapore, no. MEI Insight No 185 (2018), p. 3, https://mei.nus.edu.sg/publication/insight-185-contemporary-issues-in-qatars-food-security
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Qatar. “Qatar’s Ambassador to Saudi Arabia: ‘Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques’ s Visit to Qatar Consolidates Bilateral Fraternal Relations’,” 04/12/2016, accessed on 12/01/2023,at https://bit.ly/3dNE2A5
Mawani Qatar. accessed on 13/03/2023, at https://bit.ly/3x6bKrb
Nephew, R. The Qatari Sanctions Episode: Crisis, Response, and Lessons Learned. New York, Columbia University: Center on Global Energy Policy, October 2020. chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/QatariSanctions_CGEP_Report_111522.pdf
Petcu, C. “The Role of Qatar Airways in the Economic Development of Qatar: Before and During the Gulf Crisis,” in the 2017 Gulf Crisis: An Interdisciplinary Approach, ed. Mahjoob Zweiri, Md Mizanur Rahman, and Arwa Kamal, Gulf Studies. Singapore: Springer, 2021.
Qablān, Marwān. Siyāsat Qaṭar al-khārijīyah: alāstrātyjyā fī muwājahat al-jughrāfī (in Aarabic). 1st ed., Bayrūt: al-Markaz al-ʻArabī lil-Abḥāth wa-dirāsat al-Siyāsāt, 2021.
“Qafzah fī al-amn al-ghidhāʼī alqaṭary li-taḥqīq al-Iktifāʼ al-dhātī" (in Arabic). al-ʻArabī al-jadīd, 05/06/2019, Tārīkh al-ziyārah 19/03/2023, ʻalá alrābṭ: https://bit.ly/3TZvaro
“Qatar Food Products Exports by Country in US$ Thousand 2019,” World Integrated Trade Solution, accessed on 22/01/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3AS3CNm
“Qatar Investment Authority (QIA), Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute", Swfinstitute, accessed on 09/02/2023, on: https://bit.ly/3e6UrQ1
Saʻd al-Dīn, Usāmah. "Qaṭar ttjāwz al-ḥiṣār bzmn qiyāsay: 32 alf Sharikat w116 mṣnʻan khilāl ʻāmayn" (in Arabic). al-ʻArabī al-jadīd, 29 Māyū, 2019, Tārīkh al-ziyārah: 23/02/2023, ʻalá alrābṭ: https://bit.ly/3qMPT4F
“Ṣādrāt Qaṭar min al-ghāz al-masālik trtfʻ 1% ilá 84 Malyūn ṭn fī 2021" (in Arabic). CNBC ʻArabīyah, 03/01/2022, Tārīkh al-ziyārah 09/02/2023, ʻalá alrābṭ: https://bit.ly/3ebDHqZ
Sergie, M. “Qatar Plans Food Cluster to Boost Supplies at Home,” Bloomberg, 16/7/2017, accessed on 11/03/2023, at: https://bloom.bg/3D0bj5z
Yusuf, A. “Qatar to Become Self-Sufficient in Dairy Products,” Anadolu Agency, 10/3/2018, accessed on 21/03/2023, at: https://bit.ly/3DdZSr3
*****************************************************************************************************
"الأمين العام يشيد "باتفاق للعالم" أبرم اليوم في إسطنبول لسد فجوة الإمدادات الغذائية العالمية"، موقع أخبار الأمم المتحدة، 22/07/2022، تاريخ الزيارة: 10/01/2023، الرابط: https://bit.ly/3RYW6X2
باكير، علي حسين. تقارير: فك الخناق: الدور التركي والإيراني في إسناد قطر.الدوحة: مركز الجزيرة للدراسات، مايو 2018، على الرابط https://bit.ly/3XoFDPr
التميمي، ناصر. "توسعة ميناء حمد في قطر: التداعيات الاقتصادية والجيو-سياسية"، في صمود قطر نموذج في مقاومة الحصار وقوة الدول الصغيرة. ط1، الدوحة: مركز الجزيرة للدراسات، 2018.
خلالفة، هاجر." الأمن الغذائي إشكالية تعدد المضامين وتنامي التهديدات" دفاتر المتوسط، مج 2، ع1 (2015)، ص10-36.
سعد الدين، أسامة. "قطر تتجاوز الحصار بزمن قياسي: 32 ألف شركة و116 مصنعاً خلال عامين"، العربي الجديد، 29/05/2019، تاريخ الزيارة: 23/02/2023، على الرابط: https://bit.ly/3qMPT4F
"شركة المراعي"، تقرير مالي صادر عن شركة البلاد المالية السعودية، 05/04/2018، تاريخ الزيارة: 02/02/2023، على الرابط: https://bit.ly/3Tk7kX4.
"صادرات قطر من الغاز المسال ترتفع 1% إلى 84 مليون طن في 2021"، CNBC عربية، 03/01/2022،تاريخ الزيارة 09/02/2023، على الرابط: https://bit.ly/3ebDHqZ.
الصديق، سامح. "ميناء حمد يستقبل أول سفينة لمشروع الأمن الغذائي"، جريدة العرب، 14/08/2022، تاريخ الزيارة: 18/03/2023،على الرابط:https://bit.ly/3Bmk3Sm.
الفرجاني،أكرم. "أنقذوا الجبن من الاحتكار يتصدر تويتر"، جريدة الوطن، 27/12/2021، تاريخ الزيارة: 06/04/2023،على الرابط: https://bit.ly/3RKnAPP.
قبلان، مروان. سياسة قطر الخارجية: الاستراتيجيا في مواجهة الجغرافي. ط1، بيروت: المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات، 2021.
"قفزة في الأمن الغذائي القطري لتحقيق الاكتفاء الذاتي"، العربي الجديد، 05/06/2019، تاريخ الزيارة 19/03/2023، على الرابط: https://bit.ly/3TZvaro
"كيف استثمرت دولة قطر الحصار وحولت تبعاته الى مكاسب"، غرفة قطر - إدارة البحوث والدراسات، تاريخ الزيارة: 07/09/2022، على الرابط https://bit.ly/3TQ8Kcg
المنياوي، هالة عز الدين. الحر، عيسى صالح. "إدارة أزمة الحصار في قطاع الغذاء في دولة قطر" في إيهاب محارمة وآخرون، إدارة الأزمات بين النظرية والتطبيق: الاستجابة الاستراتيجية لدولة قطر لأزمة الحصار. ط1، الدوحة: المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات، 2022.
"المواصلات والاتصالات. إنجازات كبيرة وخطط طموحة لنهضة قطر"، جريدة لوسيل،13/12/2016، تاريخ الزيارة: 15/01/2023،على الرابط: https://2u.pw/0mOH91c
"ميناء حمد"، موقع موانئ قطر، تاريخ الزيارة: 22/02/2023، على الرابط: https://bit.ly/3TH11gD
هيمبل، فرانك. "سلاسل الإمدادات والأنظمة اللوجيستية لدولة قطر: ثقة راسخة رغم انتشار فيروس كورونا"، موقع جامعة حمد بن خليفة، تاريخ الزيارة: 10/01/2023، على الرابط: https://bit.ly/3wicSHV