The Relationship Between Net Trade and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Africa
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Published
May 22, 2019
Abstract
We study the net impacts of international trade on carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions in African countries at different income groupings and other
driving forces of environmental impacts (CO2 emissions) using an augmented
STIRPATN model. The continent experienced a large growth in carbon dioxide
emissions of about 701.88% between 1960 and 2010, and this provoked our
interest in the study. We identify the key driving forces to be net trade, population
density, final consumption expenditure (annual growth), manufacturing sector
and services sector. We also found that the services sector consistently show lowcarbon
emission impacts particularly in low middle income countries in Africa
(LIMCA) and upper income countries in Africa (UICA). Indicating that a shift
from highly depended manufacturing economies that suggest increasing-carbon
economies in both LIMC and UICA to services economies is vital in order to strive
for a low-carbon economies in the continent. The coefficient for net trade stands
out explicitly significant and positive for all the income groupings. The findings
show that the average effect of net trade over CO2, when the net trade changes
across time and between countries increases by 1%, CO2 emissions increases by
about 1.68%, 2.45% and 1.01% for LICA, LMICA and UICA respectively, when
all other predictors are constant.
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Keywords
International tradeCO2 emissionsenvironmental impactspopulation density
References
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• Stebbins, K. R. (2010). Garbage imperialism: Health implications of dumping hazardous wastes in third world countries. Medical anthropology, 15(1), 81-82.
• Theiler, W. (1982). Posidonios Die Fragmente, Vol. 1. Berlin: De Gruyter: Fragm. 47a.
• Vir, A. (1989). Toxic trade with Africa. Environmental Science and Technology, 23(1), 23-25.
• Von Strahlenberg, P. J. (1730). Das Nord-und Ostiliche Theil von Europa und Asia (in German): 106.
• Waggoner, P. E. and Ausubel, J. H. (2002). A framework for sustainability science: a renovated IPAT identity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 99(12), 7860-7865.
• Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometrics analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press.
• World Nuclear Association (2013). Radioactive waste management. Retrieved March 15 2014 from http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Wastes/Raioactive-Waste-Management.
• World Bank Development Indicators data set (2013). Statistical Data Bank, Databank.world.org/data/databases.aspx.
• Xu, B. and Lin, B. (2015). Factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions in China’s transport sector: A dynamic nonparametric additive regression model. Journal of clean production, Vol. 101: 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.088.
• York, R., Rosa, E. A. and Dietz, T. (2003a). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: analytical tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological economics 46, 351-365.
• York, R., Rosa, E. A. and Dietz, T. (2003b). Footprint on the earth: The environmental consequences of modernity. American sociological review 68(2), 279-300.
• Zhang, S., Wu, Y., Liu, H., Huang, R., Un, P., Zhou, Y., Fu, L. and Hao, J. (2014). Real-world fuel consumption and CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions by driving conditions for light-duty passenger vehicles in China. Energy, Vol. 69: 247-257.
• Zhang, N. and Choi, Y. (2013). Environmental energy efficiency of China’s regional economies: A non-oriented slacks-based measure analysis. The social science journal, Vol. 50, Iss. 2: 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2013.01.003.
• Anyinam, C. A. (1991). Transboundary movements of hazardous waste: The case of toxic waste dumping in Africa. International journal of health services, 21(4), 759-777.
• Asteriou, D. and Hall, S. G. (2011). Applied econometrics, (second ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, United Kingdom.
• Balestra, P. and Nerlove, M. (1966). Pooling cross section and time series data in the estimation of a dynamic model: The demand for natural gas. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society, 585-612.
• Baltagi, B. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (vol. 1). John Wiley and Sons.
• Bernstorff, A. and Stais, K. (2001a). POPS in Africa: Table of Hazardous waste trade 1980-2000, obsolete pesticide stockpiles: A greenpeace inventory, p. 17.
• Clapp, J. (1994). Africa, NGOs, and the International Toxic Waste Trade. Journal of environmental development, 3, 217-46.
• De Waal, T. (2010).The Caucasus: An introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195399765, 9780195399769: 10.
• Dietz, T. and Rosa, E.A. (1994a). Rethinking the environmental impacts of population, affluence, and technology. Human ecology review, 1, 277-300.
• Ehrlich, P. and Holdren, J. (1970). The people’s problem. Saturday review, 4, 42-43.
• Ehrlich, P. and Holdren, J. (1971). Human population and the global environment. American scientist, 62, 282-292.
• Ehrlich, P.R. and Holdren, J.P. (1971a). Impact of population growth. Science, 171, 1212-1217.
• Ehrlich, P.R. and Holdren, J.P. (1972b). Impact of population growth in population, resources and the environment. Washington, D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 365-77.
• Freshfield, D. W. (1869). Journey in the Caucasus. Proceedings of the Royal geographical Society, vol. 13-14: Cited as de facto convention by Baron von.
• Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of panel data (vol. 34). Cambridge University Press.
• Jorgenson, A. K. (2009). The transnational organization of production, the scale of degradation, and ecoefficiency: A study of carbon dioxide emissions in less-developed countries. Human ecology review, 16(1), 64-74.
• Kristensen, I.P. and Warwo, G.J. (2003). Lagging the dog? The robustness of panel corrected standard errors in the presence of serial correlation and observation specific effects. In annual meeting of the Society for Political Methodology, University of Minnesota.
• Li, J. S., Chen, G. Q., Chen, B., Yang, Q., Wei, W. D., Wang, P., Dong, K. Q. and Chen, H. P., (2017). The impact of trade on fuel-related mercury emissions in Beijing- evidence from three-scale input-output analysis. Renewable and sustain energy reviews, Vo. 75: 742-752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.051.
• Liu, Y., Zhou, Y. and Wu, W. (2015). Assessing the impact of population, income and technology on energy consumption and industrial pollutant emissions in China. Applied Energy, Vol. 155: 904-917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.06.051.
• Liu, X., Mao, G., Ren, J., Yi, R., Li, M., Guo, J. and Zhang, L. (2015). How might China achieve its 2020 emissions target? A scenario analysis of energy consumption and CO2 emissions using the system dynamics model. Journal of Clean Production, Vol. 103: 401-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.080.
• Loftus, P. J., Cohen, A. M., Long, J. C. S. and Jenkins, J. D. (2015). A critical review of global decarbonization scenarios: What do they tell us about feasibility? Wires climate change, Issue TOC. 6(1): 93-112. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.324.
• Lorenzoni, I., Nicholson-Cole, S. and Whitmarsh, L. (2007). Barriers perceived to engaging with climate change among the UK public and their policy implications. Global environmental change 17: 445-459.
• Maishinski (2010). EU approves dumping of nuclear waste in Africa. For Africa by Africa, Thursday, April 8.
• National Geographic. (2011). National geographic Atlas of the World (9thed.). “Europe” (plate 59); Asia (plate 74). ISBN 978-1-4262-0634-4.
• NEA (1989). NEA issue brief: An analysis of principal nuclear issues, No 3, January.
• Ouyang, X. and Lin, B. (2015). An analysis of the driving forces of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in China’s industrial sector. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, Vol. 45: 838-849. https:/doi.org/10.1016/jrser.2015.02.030.
• Phelan, J. C., Link, B. G. and Tehranifar, P. (2010). Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequality: Theory, evidence and policy implications. Journal of health and social behavior, 51(S): S28-S40. DOI: 10.1177/00221465510383498.
• Rennell, J. (1830). The geographical system of Herodotus examined and explained. Vol. 1, Rivington: 244.
• Roberts, T., Grimes, P., and Manale, J. (2003). Social roots of global environmental change: a world-systems analysis of carbon dioxide emissions. Journal of World-Systems Research, 9, 277-315.
• Satterthwaite, D. (2009). The implications of population growth and urbanization for climate change. Environment and urbanization, 21, 545-567. Doi: 10.177/0956247809344361.
• Shi, A. (2003). The impact of population pressure on global carbon dioxide emissions, 1975-1996: Evidence from pooled cross-country data. Ecological economics 44, 29-42.
• Stebbins, K. R. (2010). Garbage imperialism: Health implications of dumping hazardous wastes in third world countries. Medical anthropology, 15(1), 81-82.
• Theiler, W. (1982). Posidonios Die Fragmente, Vol. 1. Berlin: De Gruyter: Fragm. 47a.
• Vir, A. (1989). Toxic trade with Africa. Environmental Science and Technology, 23(1), 23-25.
• Von Strahlenberg, P. J. (1730). Das Nord-und Ostiliche Theil von Europa und Asia (in German): 106.
• Waggoner, P. E. and Ausubel, J. H. (2002). A framework for sustainability science: a renovated IPAT identity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 99(12), 7860-7865.
• Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometrics analysis of cross section and panel data. MIT Press.
• World Nuclear Association (2013). Radioactive waste management. Retrieved March 15 2014 from http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Wastes/Raioactive-Waste-Management.
• World Bank Development Indicators data set (2013). Statistical Data Bank, Databank.world.org/data/databases.aspx.
• Xu, B. and Lin, B. (2015). Factors affecting carbon dioxide emissions in China’s transport sector: A dynamic nonparametric additive regression model. Journal of clean production, Vol. 101: 311-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.088.
• York, R., Rosa, E. A. and Dietz, T. (2003a). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: analytical tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological economics 46, 351-365.
• York, R., Rosa, E. A. and Dietz, T. (2003b). Footprint on the earth: The environmental consequences of modernity. American sociological review 68(2), 279-300.
• Zhang, S., Wu, Y., Liu, H., Huang, R., Un, P., Zhou, Y., Fu, L. and Hao, J. (2014). Real-world fuel consumption and CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions by driving conditions for light-duty passenger vehicles in China. Energy, Vol. 69: 247-257.
• Zhang, N. and Choi, Y. (2013). Environmental energy efficiency of China’s regional economies: A non-oriented slacks-based measure analysis. The social science journal, Vol. 50, Iss. 2: 225-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2013.01.003.
How to Cite
Saka, Abdulrasaki. 2019. “The Relationship Between Net Trade and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Africa”. Studies in Business and Economics 21 (1). https://doi.org/10.29117/sbe.2018.0104.
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