Facilitating Policy Innovation in the Middle East
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Mar 24, 2024
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Abstract
There is a need to ensure the effective transfer and diffusion of successful policy innovations that facilitate sustainable development in the Middle East region. However, to date there has been limited research on policy innovation in the Middle East region through theories such as policy diffusion, with most studies focused on North America and Western Europe. The following short essay represents an attempt to highlight this shortfall, stimulate discussion on what key factors could facilitate policy innovation in the Middle East, and promote further studies to address this imbalance. This is a theoretical study that primarily examines three theories that address the spread of policy innovation between governments: policy diffusion, policy laboratories, and borrowing strength. These theories are applied to different factors that influence policy innovation (geographic proximity, political ideology, culture, and networks and individuals) considered within the context of the Middle East to assess their relevance and applicability. Based on the application of these theories and key factors, the essay proposes three novel hypotheses for policy innovation, which are linked to the different factors. Each hypothesis identifies an area where it is expected that policy innovation would occur, if the theories hold true in a Middle Eastern Context. The essay contains an accompanying call to test these hypotheses within the region. It is expected that further studies in this area will be able to both test and build on the proposed hypotheses to determine the applicability of current (Western) theories to explain policy innovation in the Middle East and move towards a more comprehensive and targeted theory of policy in this region.
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Keywords
Policy diffusionPolicy innovationqMiddle EastGovernancePolicy design
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• Simmons, B. A., Dobbin, F., & Garrett, G. (2006). Introduction: The International Diffusion of Liberalism. International Organization, 60(4), 781–810. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818306060267
• Volden, C. (2006). States as Policy Laboratories: Emulating Success in the Children’s Health Insurance Program. American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 294–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00185.x
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• Allouche, J. (2016). The Birth and Spread of IWRM - A Case Study of Global Policy Diffusion and Translation. Water Alternatives, 9, 412–433.
• Barnett, M., & Finnemore, M. (2012). Rules for the World: International Organizations in Global Politics. In Rules for the World. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9780801465161
• Béland, D. (2005). Ideas and Social Policy: An Institutionalist Perspective. Social Policy & Administration, 39(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2005.00421.x
• Berry, W. D., & Baybeck, B. (2005). Using Geographic Information Systems to Study Interstate Competition. American Political Science Review, 99(4), 505–519. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055405051841
• Biber, E. (2011). The Problem of Environmental Monitoring. University of Colorado Law Review, 83, 1.
• Blatter, J., Portmann, L., & Rausis, F. (2022). Theorizing policy diffusion: From a patchy set of mechanisms to a paradigmatic typology. Journal of European Public Policy, 29(6), 805–825. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1892801
• Braun, D., & Gilardi, F. (2006). Taking ‘Galton’s Problem’ Seriously: Towards a Theory of Policy Diffusion. Journal of Theoretical Politics, 18(3), 298–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0951629806064351
• Butler, D. M., Volden, C., Dynes, A. M., & Shor, B. (2017). Ideology, Learning, and Policy Diffusion: Experimental Evidence. American Journal of Political Science, 61(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12213
• DellaVigna, S., & Kim, W. (2022). Policy Diffusion and Polarization across U.S. States (Working Paper No. 30142). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w30142
• Fergusson, R., & Yeates, N. (2014). International governmental organisations and global youth unemployment: The normative and ideational foundations of policy discourses. Policy and Politics, 42(3), 439–458. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557312X655648
• Fischer, J., Polte, A., & Sternkopf, M. (2022). Introduction of Long-Term Care Systems: The Nascent Diffusion of an Emergent Field of Social Policy. In M. Windzio, I. Mossig, F. Besche-Truthe, & H. Seitzer (Eds.), Networks and Geographies of Global Social Policy Diffusion: Culture, Economy, and Colonial Legacies (pp. 139–167). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83403-6_6
• Füglister, K. (2012). Where does learning take place? The role of intergovernmental cooperation in policy diffusion. European Journal of Political Research, 51(3), 316–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.02000.x
• Garzarelli, G., & Keeton, L. (2018). Laboratory federalism and intergovernmental grants. Journal of Institutional Economics, 14(5), 949–974. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1744137417000595
• Gautier, L., De Allegri, M., & Ridde, V. (2020). Transnational Networks’ Contribution to Health Policy Diffusion: A Mixed Method Study of the Performance-Based Financing Community of Practice in Africa. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 10(6), 310–323. https://doi.org/10.34172/ijhpm.2020.57
• Gautier, L., Tosun, J., De Allegri, M., & Ridde, V. (2018). How do diffusion entrepreneurs spread policies? Insights from performance-based financing in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 110, 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.032
• Gilardi, F. (2010). Who Learns from What in Policy Diffusion Processes? American Journal of Political Science, 54(3), 650–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00452.x
• Gilardi, F., Shipan, C. R., & Wüest, B. (2021). Policy Diffusion: The Issue-Definition Stage. American Journal of Political Science, 65(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12521
• Gilardi, F., & Wasserfallen, F. (2019). The politics of policy diffusion. European Journal of Political Research, 58(4), 1245–1256. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12326
• Graham, E. R., Shipan, C. R., & Volden, C. (2013). The Diffusion of Policy Diffusion Research in Political Science. British Journal of Political Science, 43(3), 673–701. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123412000415
• Jones, B. D., & Baumgartner, F. R. (2005). The Politics of Attention: How Government Prioritizes Problems. University of Chicago Press.
• Kammerer, M., & Namhata, C. (2018). What drives the adoption of climate change mitigation policy? A dynamic network approach to policy diffusion. Policy Sciences, 51(4), 477–513. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-018-9332-6
• Karch, A., & Rosenthal, A. (2017). Framing, Engagement, and Policy Change: Lessons for the ACA. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 42(2), 341–362. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-3766746
• Keating, M. (2012). Intergovernmental Relations and Innovation: From Co-Operative to Competitive Welfare Federalism in the UK. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 14(2), 214–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-856X.2011.00484.x
• Khodr, H., & Reiche, D. (2012). The Specialized Cities of the Gulf Cooperation Council: A Case Study of a Distinct Type of Policy Innovation and Diffusion. Digest of Middle East Studies, 21(1), 149–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-3606.2012.00131.x
• Kleider, H., & Toubeau, S. (2022). Public policy in multi-level systems: A new research agenda for the study of regional-level policy. Regional & Federal Studies, 32(3), 277–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2021.2018681
• Kollman, K., Miller, J., & Page, S. (2000). Decentralization and the search for policy solutions. The Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 16(1), 102–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/jleo/16.1.102
• Korten, D. C. (1998). When corporations rule the world. European Business Review, 98(1). https://doi.org/10.1108/ebr.1998.05498aab.007
• Langlois, R. N., & Garzarelli, G. (2008). Of Hackers and Hairdressers: Modularity and the Organizational Economics of Open‐source Collaboration. Industry and Innovation, 15(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662710801954559
• Lindsey, I., & Bitugu, B. B. (2018). Distinctive policy diffusion patterns, processes and actors: Drawing implications from the case of sport in international development. Policy Studies, 39(4), 444–464. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2018.1479521
• Liu, W., & Li, W. (2016). Divergence and Convergence in the Diffusion of Performance Management in China. Public Performance & Management Review, 39(3), 630–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/15309576.2015.1138060
• Madison, K. (2014). Building a Better Laboratory: The Federal Role in Promoting Health System Experimentation. Pepperdine Law Review, 41, 765.
• Maggetti, M., & Gilardi, F. (2016). Problems (and solutions) in the measurement of policy diffusion mechanisms. Journal of Public Policy, 36(1), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X1400035X
• Mahon, R., & McBride, S. (2009). Standardizing and disseminating knowledge: The role of the OECD in global governance. European Political Science Review, 1(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773909000058
• Manna, P. (2006). School’s In: Federalism and the National Education Agenda. Georgetown University Press.
• Metz, F., & Fischer, M. (2016). Policy Diffusion in the Context of International River Basin Management. Environmental Policy and Governance, 26(4), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1716
• Meyer, J. W., Boli, J., Thomas, G. M., & Ramirez, F. O. (1997). World Society and the Nation‐State. American Journal of Sociology, 103(1), 144–181. https://doi.org/10.1086/231174
• Mintrom, M. (1997). Policy Entrepreneurs and the Diffusion of Innovation. American Journal of Political Science, 41(3), 738–770. https://doi.org/10.2307/2111674
• Mossig, I., Windzio, M., Besche-Truthe, F., & Seitzer, H. (2022). Networks of Global Social Policy Diffusion: The Effects of Culture, Economy, Colonial Legacies, and Geographic Proximity. In M. Windzio, I. Mossig, F. Besche-Truthe, & H. Seitzer (Eds.), Networks and Geographies of Global Social Policy Diffusion: Culture, Economy, and Colonial Legacies (pp. 1–37). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83403-6_1
• Moynihan, D. P. (2008). Learning under Uncertainty: Networks in Crisis Management. Public Administration Review, 68(2), 350–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2007.00867.x
• Oates, W. E. (1999). An Essay on Fiscal Federalism. Journal of Economic Literature, 37(3), 1120–1149. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.37.3.1120
• Porte, C. de la, Pochet, P., & Room, B. G. (2001). Social Benchmarking, Policy Making and New Governance in the Eu. Journal of European Social Policy, 11(4), 291–307. https://doi.org/10.1177/095892870101100401
• Rüland, A. L. (2022). Learning from rivals: The role of science diplomats in transferring Iran’s health house policy to the US. Globalizations, 0(0), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2022.2062845
• Saultz, A. (2017). Fourth Time is the Charm: Charter School Policy and the Influence of the Elite in Washington State. Peabody Journal of Education, 92(1), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2016.1264809
• Seitzer, H. (2022). The Diffusion of Workplace Antidiscrimination Regulations for the LGBTQ+ Community. In M. Windzio, I. Mossig, F. Besche-Truthe, & H. Seitzer (Eds.), Networks and Geographies of Global Social Policy Diffusion: Culture, Economy, and Colonial Legacies (pp. 227–253). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83403-6_9
• Seitzer, H., Besche-Truthe, F., & Windzio, M. (2022). Networks of Global Policy Diffusion: The Introduction of Compulsory Education. In M. Windzio, I. Mossig, F. Besche-Truthe, & H. Seitzer (Eds.), Networks and Geographies of Global Social Policy Diffusion: Culture, Economy, and Colonial Legacies (pp. 59–81). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83403-6_3
• Shipan, C. R., & Volden, C. (2008). The Mechanisms of Policy Diffusion. American Journal of Political Science, 52(4), 840–857. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2008.00346.x
• Shipan, C. R., & Volden, C. (2012). Policy Diffusion: Seven Lessons for Scholars and Practitioners. Public Administration Review, 72(6), 788–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02610.x
• Simmons, B. A., Dobbin, F., & Garrett, G. (2006). Introduction: The International Diffusion of Liberalism. International Organization, 60(4), 781–810. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818306060267
• Volden, C. (2006). States as Policy Laboratories: Emulating Success in the Children’s Health Insurance Program. American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 294–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00185.x
• Volden, C. (2017). Policy Diffusion in Polarized Times: The Case of the Affordable Care Act. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 42(2), 363–375. https://doi.org/10.1215/03616878-3766762
• Volden, C., Ting, M. M., & Carpenter, D. P. (2008). A Formal Model of Learning and Policy Diffusion. American Political Science Review, 102(3), 319–332. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055408080271
• Walker, J. L. (1969). The Diffusion of Innovations among the American States*. American Political Science Review, 63(3), 880–899. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954434
• Windzio, M., & Martens, K. (2022). The Global Development, Diffusion, and Transformation of Education Systems: Transnational Isomorphism and ‘Cultural Spheres’. In K. Martens & M. Windzio (Eds.), Global Pathways to Education: Cultural Spheres, Networks, and International Organizations (pp. 1–35). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78885-8_1
• Wiseman, H. J. (2014). Moving Past Dual Federalism to Advance Electric Grid Neutrality. Iowa Law Review Bulletin, 100, 97.
• Wiseman, H. J., & Owen, D. (2018). Federal Laboratories of Democracy. U.C. Davis Law Review, 52, 1119.
• Zhang, Y. (2012). Institutional Sources of Reform: The Diffusion of Land Banking Systems in China. Management and Organization Review, 8(3), 507–533. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00256.x
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How to Cite
Gately, I. . (2024). Facilitating Policy Innovation in the Middle East. Academic Network for Development Dialogue (ANDD) Paper Series, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.29117/andd.2022.018
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Articles in English